Table 1.
Participant Characteristics by Quartiles of Calorie-Adjusted Daily Sodium Intake; Rancho Bernardo Study, 1992–1996 (n=925)
| Quartile 1 (n=231) |
Quartile 2 (n=231) |
Quartile 3 (n=231) |
Quartile 4 (n=232) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | p-value | ||||
| Sex | 0.532 | ||||||||
| Female | 133 | (57.6) | 134 | (58.0) | 147 | (63.6) | 138 | (59.5) | |
| Education | 0.793 | ||||||||
| High School or less |
59 | (25.5) | 63 | (27.3) | 64 | (27.7) | 69 | (29.7) | |
| Some college or more |
172 | (74.5) | 168 | (72.7) | 167 | (72.3) | 163 | (70.3) | |
| Smoking Status | 0.977 | ||||||||
| Never | 98 | (42.8) | 95 | (41.1) | 106 | (45.9) | 100 | (43.1) | |
| Past | 114 | (49.8) | 117 | (50.7) | 108 | (47.8) | 115 | (49.6) | |
| Current | 17 | (7.4) | 19 | (8.2) | 17 | (7.4) | 17 | (7.4) | |
|
Exercisea, 3+ times/wk |
167 | (72.3) | 175 | (75.8) | 163 | (70.6) | 167 | (72.0) | 0.638 |
|
> 2 Chronic Diseasesb |
19 | (8.2) | 21 | (9.1) | 22 | (9.5) | 28 | (12.1) | 0.540 |
| Diabetes*a | 27 | (11.7) | 30 | (13.0) | 35 | (15.2) | 49 | (21.1) | 0.024 |
| Hypertension*a | 90 | (40.0) | 61 | (26.4) | 79 | (34.2) | 92 | (39.7) | 0.010 |
| > 2 Medicationsc | 88 | (38.1) | 77 | (33.3) | 86 | (37.2) | 101 | (43.5) | 0.157 |
|
Any BP Medicationa |
79 | (34.2) | 64 | (27.7) | 74 | (32.0) | 90 | (38.8) | 0.083 |
| Diuretic*a | 45 | (19.5) | 28 | (12.1) | 46 | (19.9) | 50 | (21.6) | 0.043 |
| Betablockera | 21 | (9.1) | 30 | (13.0) | 27 | (11.7) | 28 | (12.1) | 0.592 |
|
Calcium Channel Blockera |
33 | (14.3) | 36 | (15.6) | 26 | (11.3) | 39 | (16.8) | 0.363 |
| Characteristic | Mean (sd) | Mean (sd) | Mean (sd) | Mean (sd) | p-value | ||||
| Age (years) | 74.6 | (9.7) | 72.9 | (8.5) | 73.6 | (9.1) | 75.2 | (9.4) | 0.314 |
|
Daily Sodium Intake (mg/d)** |
1647.5 | (540.4) | 1814.4 | (602.3) | 1950.5 | (522.3) | 2628.5 | (824.9) | <0.001 |
| Calories (kcal) | 1913.7 | (562.3) | 1747.1 | (544.2) | 1680.1 | (470.7) | 1913.4 | (558.2) | 0.679 |
| Alcohol (gm/d)** | 16.9 | (18.8) | 11.4 | (13.9) | 8.1 | (11.9) | 7.7 | (10.7) | <0.001 |
|
Mediterranean Diet Score** |
3.9 | (1.7) | 4.0 | (1.8) | 4.0 | (1.8) | 4.4 | (1.8) | 0.003 |
|
Daily Potassium Intake (mg/d)** |
3185.0 | (1057.2) | 2949.7 | (865.8) | 2973.3 | (947.2) | 3493.6 | (1170.2) | 0.002 |
|
Daily Calcium Intake (mg/d) |
9.2 | (0.4) | 9.2 | (0.5) | 9.2 | (0.5) | 9.2 | (0.4) | 0.399 |
| eGFR | 66.4 | (17.2) | 69.7 | (19.2) | 66.2 | (18.4) | 64.4 | (14.8) | 0.065 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.2 | (3.6) | 25.4 | (4.3) | 25.7 | (3.8) | 25.4 | (4.4) | 0.434 |
| WHR | 0.897 | (0.08) | 0.903 | (0.08) | 0.899 | (0.085) | 0.895 | (0.077) | 0.684 |
| Systolic BP | 139.8 | (21.6) | 136.8 | (21.2) | 139.1 | (20.4) | 140.9 | (22.5) | 0.379 |
| Diastolic BP | 75.8 | (9.7) | 75.5 | (8.3) | 76.1 | (9.5) | 75.5 | (9.9) | 0.923 |
| HDL (mg/dl) | 56.6 | (17.0) | 57.5 | (16.3) | 57.3 | (16.8) | 57.8 | (17.6) | 0.487 |
| LDL (mg/dl) | 123.8 | (31.0) | 128.2 | (35.2) | 128.4 | (31.7) | 122.6 | (32.6) | 0.727 |
|
Triglycerides (mg/dl) |
117.2 | (67.1) | 114.8 | (78.1) | 117.9 | (60.1) | 127.2 | (84.3) | 0.127 |
| BDI | 5.2 | (4.4) | 5.1 | (4.2) | 5.5 | (4.3) | 5.3 | (4.0) | 0.337 |
| Trails B | 137.3 | (66.1) | 126.1 | (55.6) | 131.2 | (60.5) | 130.6 | (53.3) | 0.395 |
| MMSE** | 27.5 | (2.8) | 27.9 | (2.1) | 28.1 | (2.2) | 28.0 | (2.2) | 0.025 |
| VFT | 17.3 | (5.1) | 17.5 | (4.4) | 17.9 | (4.9) | 16.9 | (5.5) | 0.684 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist to hip ratio; BP, blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; MMSE, Mini-mental status exam; VFT, verbal fluency test
Variable significant using chi-square testing
Variable significant using ANOVA testing
Percent
Chronic diseases included: angina, heart attack, hypertension, pulmonary disease, cancer, arthritis, osteoporosis, and diabetes
Medications included: blood pressure medication, diuretic, beta blocker, calcium channel blocker, steroid, blood thinner, thyroid medication, acetaminophen, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, aspirin, calcium supplement, antihistamine, laxative, antianxiety