Table 3. Cox proportional hazard analysis of risk for all-cause mortality in haemodialysis patients according to clinical predictors and circulating TNF related markers in univariate and multivariate models.
| Baseline Characteristics | |
Multivariate model |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate model |
Clinical predictors only |
Clinical predictors and markersa |
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| HR (95% CI) | P | HR (95% CI) | P | HR (95% CI) | P | |
| Clinical predictors (Units of increase) | ||||||
| Female gender | 0.71 (0.46–1.11) | 0.14 | ||||
| Age (10 yrs) | 1.57 (1.26–1.95) | <0.0001 | 1.34 (1.07–1.71) | 0.009 | 1.39 (1.12–1.73) | 0.004 |
| Body mass index (1 kg/m2) | 0.93 (0.87–0.998) | 0.045 | 0.91 (0.85–0.98) | 0.01 | ||
| Dialysis vintage (1 yr) | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) | 0.24 | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus (0 = no; 1 = yes) | 1.21 (0.80–1.84) | 0.37 | ||||
| Prior CVD (0 = no; 1 = yes) | 2.23 (1.46–3.40) | <0.0001 | 1.66 (1.07–2.58) | 0.02 | 1.84 (1.19–2.84) | 0.006 |
| HDL-cholesterol (1 mg/dL) | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | <0.001 | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | 0.004 | ||
| Albumin (1 g/dL) | 0.42 (0.25–0.69) | <0.001 | ||||
| hs-CRP (1 mg/L) | 1.20 (1.06–1.35) | 0.003 | ||||
| SBP (10 mmHg) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 0.47 | ||||
| SBP [mmHg] | ||||||
| 140–160 (ref.) vs. <140 | 2.03 (1.17–3.54) | 0.01 | 2.30 (1.30–4.07) | 0.004 | 2.07 (1.16–3.68) | 0.01 |
| 140–160 (ref.) vs. > 160 | 2.09 (1.21–3.62) | 0.008 | 1.79 (1.00–3.19) | 0.049 | 1.56 (0.87–2.78) | 0.13 |
| Maximum SBP (10 mmHg) | 1.06 (0.94–1.19) | 0.29 | ||||
| Maximum SBP [mmHg] | ||||||
| 155–165 (ref.) vs. <155 | 2.20 (0.97–4.95) | 0.06 | ||||
| 155–165 (ref.) vs. > 165 | 2.72 (1.23–6.02) | 0.01 | ||||
| Minimum SBP (10 mmHg) | 0.87 (0.77–0.98) | 0.02 | ||||
| DBP (per 10 mmHg) | 0.81 (0.67–0.99) | 0.03 | ||||
| DBP [mmHg] | ||||||
| <75 (ref.) vs. ≥75 | 0.57 (0.37–0.86) | 0.008 | ||||
| Maximum DBP (10 mmHg) | 0.82 (0.66–1.02) | 0.07 | ||||
| Minmum DBP (10 mmHg) | 0.67 (0.55–0.82) | <0.0001 | ||||
| Δ SBP (10 mmHg) | 1.03 (0.92–1.16) | 0.61 | ||||
| Δ DBP (10 mmHg) | 0.91 (0.68–1.23) | 0.56 | ||||
| Maximum Δ SBP (10 mmHg) | 1.27 (1.13–1.43) | <0.0001 | 1.23 (1.08–1.42) | <0.001 | 1.23 (1.10–1.39) | <0.0001 |
| Maximum Δ DBP (10 mmHg) | 1.39 (1.12–1.73) | 0.003 | ||||
| Pulse pressure (10 mmHg) | 1.17 (1.02–1.35) | 0.02 | ||||
| Pulse pressure [mmHg] | ||||||
| <85 (ref.) vs. ≥85 | 1.77 (1.13–2.76) | 0.01 | ||||
| Circulating TNF markers: Categorical variable, Q1–3 (ref.) vs. Q4 | ||||||
| TNFα | 1.64 (1.05–2.56) | 0.03 | 1.46 (0.93–2.30) | 0.10 | ||
| TNFR1 | 2.42 (1.58–3.70) | <0.0001 | 2.34 (1.50–3.64) | <0.0001 | ||
| TNFR2 | 2.70 (1.77–4.13) | <0.0001 | 2.13 (1.38–3.29) | <0.0001 | ||
| Continuous variable | ||||||
| TNFα (1SD = 0.29) | 1.29 (1.01–1.49) | 0.046 | 1.04 (0.82–1.31) | 0.76 | ||
| TNFR1 (1SD = 0.25) | 1.45 (1.15–1.84) | 0.002 | 1.17 (0.91–1.51) | 0.22 | ||
| TNFR2 (1SD = 0.24) | 1.60 (1.32–1.95) | <0.0001 | 1.28 (1.01–1.61) | 0.04 | ||
aThe effect of each TNF marker was examined separately while controlling for clinical predictors. Hazard ratios for clinical predictors are from the multivariate model with TNFR1. Q, quartile; Abbreviations used in this table are the same as in Table 1.