Fig. 5.

Effects of overexpression of GaGRPL18 in A. thaliana seedings and the effects of signaling pathway-related marker genes under V. dahliae stress. a Disease symptoms of in vitro grown seedings. 2-week-old plantlets were treatment with V. dahliae. Photos were taken at 14 days after inoculated. b Extent of stunting in WT and 35S::GaRPL18 plants at 14 dpi. c Extent of leaf chlorosis in WT and 35S::GaRPL18 plants at 14 dpi. WT : wild-type. d Expression patterns of JA, SA and ET signaling pathway-related marker genes in WT and GaRPL18 transgenic A. thaliana under water or V. dahliae challenge for 24 h. The expression levels was monitored by qRT-PCR using AtUBQ10 as an internal control gene. Expression levels of untreated control was normalized to ‘1’. Error bars represent the standard deviation of three biological replicates. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences, as determined by Student’s t-test (*P <0.05; **P <0.001). WT: wild-type