Table 1.

Secondary causes of osteoporosis (2, 6)

Lifestyle changes	Genetic diseases	Endocrine disorders	Other
Vitamin D insufficiency	Cystic fibrosis	Central obesity	AIDS/HIV
High salt intake	Glycogen storage diseases	Cushing’s syndrome	Amyloidosis
Smoking (active or passive)	Menkes steely hair syndrome	Diabetes mellitus (types 1 and 2)	Chronic obstructive lung disease
Alcohol abuse	Osteogenesis imperfecta	Hyperparathyroidism	Congestive heart failure
Immobilizatıon	Riley–Day syndrome	Thyrotoxicosis	Chronic metabolic acidosis
Excessive thinness	Ehler Danlos	Hypogonadal states:	Depression
Frequent falling	Hemochromatosis	Androgen insensitivity	End-stage renal disease
Low calcium intake	Marfan syndrome	Athletic amenorrhea	Hypercalciuria
Inadequate physical activity	Parental history of hip fracture	Premature menopause (<40 years)	Post-transplant bone disease
Excess vitamin A	Gaucher’s disease	Hyperprolactinemia	Idiopathic scoliosis
	Homocystinuria	Panhypopituitarism	Sarcoidosis
	Hypophosphatasia	Anorexia nervosa	Weight loss
	Porphyria	Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes
Gastrointestinal disorders	Hematological disorders	Neurological and musculoskeletal factors	Rheumatologic and autoimmune diseases
Celiac disease	Hemophilia	Epilepsy	Ankylosing spondylitis
Gastric bypass	Leukemia and lymphomas	Multiple sclerosis	Systemic lupus
Gastrointestinal surgery	Sickle cell disease	Muscular dystrophy	Rheumatoid arthritis
Malabsorption	Multiple myeloma	Parkinson’s disease	Systemic lupus
Inflammatory bowel disease	Monoclonal gammopathies	Spinal cord injury	Other rheumatic and autoimmune diseases
Pancreatic disease	Systemic mastocytosis	Stroke
Primary biliary cirrhosis	Thalassemia	Proximal myopathy
Medications

Aluminum (in antacids), Anticoagulants (heparin), Anticonvulsants, Aromatase inhibitors, Barbiturates, Cancer chemotherapeutic drugs, Depomedroxyprogesterone (premenopausal contraception), Glucocorticoids (≥5 mg/day prednisone or equivalent for ≥3 months), GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) agonists, Lithium Cyclosporine A, Tacrolimus, Methotrexate, Parental nutrition, Proton pump inhibitors Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, Tamoxifen® (premenopausal use) Thiazolidinediones, Thyroid hormones (in excess), warfarin

AIDS/HIV: acquired immune deficiency syndrome/human immunodeficiency virus