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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Microbiol. 2017 Mar 1;2:17007. doi: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.7

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Modification-Rescue hypothesis for CI. a. Crossing Wolbachia-infected males (red) with uninfected females (black) yields nonviable embryos due to a sperm-derived modification. b. Crossing infected males and similarly infected females rescues viability due to a rescue factor in the infected egg. c. Operon from Wolbachia (wPip strain) proposed to induce CI; the wPa_0282 and wPa_0283 genes encode CidA and the deubiquitylating enzyme CidB, respectively. d. Paralogous operon from wPip in which a putative DUF1703 nuclease, CinB (wPa_0295) might also induce CI. e. Orthologous cidA-cidB operon from wMel, a Wolbachia strain isolated from D. melanogaster. f. Pull-down assays of operon partners reveal interaction specificity (6 replicates). His6-tagged β-galactosidase (LacZ) is a negative control.