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. 2017 Jan 9;292(8):3420–3432. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M116.764910

FIGURE 6.

FIGURE 6.

TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling targets the LKB1-AMPK-FoxO1 pathway. a, glucose production in media after 12 h of TGF-β1 (5 ng/ml) and TGF-β receptor I inhibitor (SB431542, 10 μm) treatment of HepG2 cells (two separate experiments in triplicate). b, glucose production in media after TGF-β1 treatment of HepG2 cells stably expressing control shRNA or shRNA targeting Smad3 (ShS3) (in triplicate). c and d, gluconeogenic gene expression in HepG2 cells after TGF-β1 and SB431542 treatments (c) and in control and ShS3 cells with and without TGF-β1 treatments (d) (in triplicate). e, Western blotting analysis of PP2A, LKB1, AMPK, and FoxO1 proteins along with gluconeogenic proteins in normal HepG2 cells with TGF-β1 and/or SB431542 treatments (in triplicate). f, Western blotting analysis of TGFβ1, LKB1, AMPK, and FoxO1 pathway proteins along with gluconeogenic genes in control and ShS3 cells with and without TGF-β1 treatments (in triplicate). Tubulin has been used as an internal control. All values present here are averages, and error bars represent S.E. *, p = <0.05; and **, p = <0.01.