Fig. A.3.

The mean fraction of variance, due to heterogeneity, in remaining longevity for Italy, France, and Sweden, based on $\Gamma \mathrm{GM}$ model estimates obtained from period mortality data. Means are shown for the total period (1872–2012 for Italy, 1816–2013 for France, and 1751–2014 for Sweden) and for the periods: (1) 1751–1815, (2) 1816–1871, (3) 1872–1899, and (4) 1900–2012 (or 2013 or 2014, for France and Sweden, respectively).