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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Reprod Toxicol. 2016 Sep 3;68:105–118. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.08.015

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Exposure to phthalates and bisphenols is believed to induce pathways towards several adverse health effects, including epigenetic changes, hormonal disruption, oxidative and nitrosative stress. Effects could be affected by the time of exposure, both during fetal life and childhood. Fetal exposure has been linked with prematurity and low birth weight. Childhood exposure has been associated with early signs of cardiovascular and metabolic dysfunction. Both prematurity and low birth weight have also been associated with cardiometabolic dysfunction. Therefore, both fetal and childhood exposure may give rise to an increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disease in adulthood.