Figure 1.

Nohria-Stevenson classification* (23)

^aOrthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, pulmonary rales, S3 gallop, increase in systolic pulmonary arterial pressure, increase in jugular venous pressure, hepatojugular reflux, hepatomegaly, edema, ascites

^bNarrow pulse pressure, cold extremities, mental change, sleepiness, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, hypotension, renal dysfunction, decrease in diuresis, hyponatremia, acidosis. CI - cardiac index; PCWP - pulmonary capillary wedge pressure

*Adapted from reference 23