Table 12.

Clinical presentation of acute heart failure according to the SBP on admission (56)

High SBP ‘Vascular Insufficiency’	Normal or low SBP ‘Cardiac Insufficiency’
Rapidly worsening (minutes, hours)	Gradually worsening (days)
Pulmonary congestion	Systemic congestion
Fluid redistribution	Fluid accumulation
Acute increase in PCWP	Chronically high PCWP
Radiographic congestion +++	Radiographic congestion +
Weight gain/edema +	Weight gain/edema +++
Preserved LVEF	Low LVEF
Rapid response to treatment	Relatively slow response to treatment

LVEF - left ventricular ejection fraction; PCWP - pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; SBP - systolic blood pressure