Table 5.

Precipitating causes of acute decompensated or de novo heart failure

Cardiac	Non-cardiac
Treatment non-compliance	Endocrinological diseases
1. Sodium and fluid intake	Diabetes, thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, etc.
2. Non-compliance with drug treatment
	Pulmonary diseases
Ischemic heart disease	Pulmonary emboli, asthma, COPD
1. Acute coronary syndrome
2. Mechanical complications of AMI	Infections
	Pneumonia, influenza, sepsis, etc.
3. Right ventricular MI
Valvular heart disease	Cases increasing blood volume
1. Valvular stenosis
2. Valvular regurgitation	Anemia, shunts, beriberi, Paget disease
3. Endocarditis
4. Aortic dissection	Renal failure Drugs and addictions
Cardiomyopathies
1. Peripartum CMP	Drugs leading to sodium retention (e.g. steroids, tiazolidinediones, NSAI's), excessive alcohol or illegal drug addiction
2. Acute myocarditis
3. Pericardial tamponade
Hypertensive/arrhythmic
1. Hypertension
2. Acute arrhythmias (e.g. AF, tachyarrhythmias, serious bradycardia, etc.)	Others  Cerebrovascular event,  surgical intervention
Concomitant usage of negative inotropic drugs
Verapamil, beta-blockers,  diltiazem, nifedipine, etc.

AF - atrial fibrillation; AMI - acute myocardial infarction; CMP - cardiomyopathy; COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; MI - myocardial infarction; NSAI - non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs