Table 3.
Comparison of Age- and Sex-standardizeda Prevalence of Refractive Error in CHES with Other Population-based Studies
| Study | Study Site and Period | Myopia, %
|
High Myopia, %
|
Hyperopia (> +0.5D) in the right eye, % | High hyperopia (≥ +3.0 D) in the worse eye, % | Astigmatism (>0.5D cyl.) in the right eye, % | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < −0.5D in the right eye | ≤ − 1.0D in the worse eye | < −5.0 D in the right eye | ≤ −5.0 D in the worse eye | |||||
| CHES | Urban US, 2009–13 | 34.1 | 32.8 | 6.8 | 8.6 | 40.6 | 4.3 | 49.0 |
| Other studies of Chinese | ||||||||
| Handan Eye Study | Rural China, 2006–7 | 19.6 | - | 2.7 | - | 35.9 | - | - |
| Liwan Eye Study | Urban China, 2003–4 | 32.7 | - | 5.1 | - | 37.6 | - | - |
| Tanjong Pagar Survey b | Urban Singapore, 1997–8 | 29.8 | - | 4.7 | - | 44.2 | - | 46.3 |
| Singapore Chinese Eye Study b | Urban Singapore, 2009–11 | 35.5 | - | 6.1 | - | 38.8 | - | 71.9 |
| Other racial/ethnic groups | ||||||||
| Hispanics in LALES | Urban US, 2000–3 | 17.6 | 16.7 | - | 2.4 | 43.3 | 7.7 | 47.8 |
| Hispanics in Proyecto VER | Urban US, 1997–9 | - | 14.7 | - | 2.1 | - | 9.3 | - |
| Blacks in BES | Urban US, 1985–8 | 18.0 | 11.2 | - | 1.8 | 45.1 | 6.4 | 24.9 |
| Whites in BES | Urban US, 1985–8 | 21.0 | - | - | - | 52.0 | - | 30.8 |
| Whites in BDES c | Urban US, 1988–90 | 25.9 | - | - | - | 49.4 | - | - |
| Whites in the US and Europe d | 1985–96 | - | 21.5 | - | 4.0 | - | 13.3 | - |
Abbreviations: BES = Baltimore Eye Study; BDES = Beaver Dam Eye Study; CHES = Chinese American Eye Study; LALES = Los Angeles Latino Eye Study; Proyecto VER = Proyecto Vision Evaluation and Research Study; US = United States; D=diopters
The Asian population in the 2010 United States Census was used as the standard population
The oldest participant in the Tanjong Pagar Survey was 81 years old, and the oldest in the Singapore Chinese Eye Study was 80 years old. The prevalence rate for 70–79 years old was estimated based on rates reported for all 70+ years old. To calculate the age-standardized overall rate, the prevalence rate for 80+ years was assumed to be the same as the rate for 75–79 years
Rates for 50–54 years old were estimated for those for 43–54 years old in the BDES
From the Eye Disease Prevalence Research Group, which included whites from the BES, BDES, the Rotterdam Study, the Blue Mountains Eye Study, and the Melbourne Visual Impairment Project