Table 1.

Forced desynchrony studies of sleep inertia

Study	n	Mean age	Design	Factor	Subj	Obj	Time before testing	Findings
Burke TA et al 2015 [40]	6	26.8	28 hour sleep/wake cycle, tested upon awakening and every 2 hours	Awakening time	KSS	PVT, ADD, SDST, SVA, VST, Stroop	immediate	Cognition differentially affected by circadian, homeostatic, and SI effects. SI effect largest on SVA
Scheer FA et al 2008 [41]	12	24	28 hour sleep/wake cycles, with three awakenings during each sleep	Awakening time, preceding sleep amount		ADD	1–2 min	SI worsened performance 17%, most severe during biological night. No effect of stage at awakening; modest effect of % sleep stage
Silva EJ and Duffy JF 2008 [42]	10	64.9	20 hour sleep/wake cycles; data excluded if >10 min wake during last hour	Awakening time		SDST	1–9 min	Performance worst when waking during biological night. Better performance when waking from REM than N1 or N2

Abbreviations: ADD=addition, KSS=Karolinska sleepiness scale, min=minutes, n=number analyzed, N1=state N1 sleep, N2=stage N2 sleep, obj=objective measures, PVT=psychomotor vigilance task, SDST=symbol digit substitution task, SI=sleep inertia, subj=subjective measures, SVA=selective visual attention, VST=visual search task