Table 1.
Scores of each coping scale of the Brief COPE compared by sex, age, depressive status, and total AIS score
| Coping scales | Overall n = 201 | Sex | Age | Depressive status | Overall n = 199 | AIS total score | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male n = 118 | Female n = 83 | p | Young/middle (23–59 years) n = 149 | Old (60–74 years) n = 52 | p | Non-depressed n = 130 | Depressed n = 71 | p | 0–3 n = 118 | 4–5 n = 43 | ≥6 n = 38 | p | |||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||||||||||||
| Self-distraction | 4.94 (1.14) | 5.36 (1.08) | 0.01* | 5.19 (1.18) | 4.88 (0.94) | 0.09 | 5.10 (1.06) | 5.14 (1.26) | 0.81 | 5.14 (1.21) | 5.05 (1.02) | 5.08 (1.05) | 0.88 | ||
| Active | 5.70 (0.96) | 6.06 (0.97) | 0.01* | 5.89 (1.00) | 5.75 (0.93) | 0.39 | 5.88 (0.92) | 5.80 (1.09) | 0.61 | 5.93 (0.93) | 5.65 (1.00) | 5.84 (1.10) | 0.27 | ||
| Denial | 3.37 (1.27) | 3.42 (1.11) | 0.78 | 3.19 (1.14) | 3.98 (1.23) | <0.01* | 3.43 (1.16) | 3.32 (1.30) | 0.55 | 3.44 (1.28) | 3.30 (1.12) | 3.42 (1.08) | 0.81 | ||
| Substance use | 3.69 (1.65) | 3.05 (1.44) | <0.01* | 3.46 (1.52) | 3.31 (1.79) | 0.55 | 3.36 (1.58) | 3.54 (1.63) | 0.46 | 3.31 (1.54) | 3.37 (1.51) | 3.92 (1.78) | 0.11 | ||
| Emotional support | 4.33 (1.07) | 4.89 (1.27) | <0.01* | 4.71 (1.20) | 4.13 (1.05) | <0.01* | 4.48 (1.06) | 4.70 (1.39) | 0.25 | 4.44 (1.12) | 4.58 (1.01) | 4.89 (1.52) | 0.12 | ||
| Instrumental support | 4.72 (1.11) | 5.07 (1.34) | 0.04* | 5.00 (1.21) | 4.48 (1.16) | 0.01* | 4.82 (1.08) | 4.96 (1.44) | 0.47 | 4.83 (1.20) | 4.74 (1.03) | 5.13 (1.47) | 0.31 | ||
| Behavioral disengagement | (n = 200) | 4.03 (1.06) | 4.01 (0.94) | 0.88 | 4.03 (1.02) | 4.00 (0.98) | 0.84 | 3.91 (0.81) | 4.23 (1.28) | 0.07 | (n = 198) | 3.88 (0.89) | 4.21 (1.01) | 4.34 (1.21) | 0.02* |
| Venting | 4.57 (1.04) | 4.83 (1.17) | 0.09 | 4.76 (1.14) | 4.44 (0.96) | 0.07 | 4.64 (1.06) | 4.75 (1.18) | 0.51 | 4.66 (1.13) | 4.63 (1.00) | 4.82 (1.14) | 0.71 | ||
| Positive reframing | 5.44 (1.06) | 5.72 (1.11) | 0.07 | 5.54 (1.09) | 5.60 (1.12) | 0.77 | 5.61 (1.07) | 5.46 (1.13) | 0.38 | 5.63 (0.99) | 5.53 (1.20) | 5.37 (1.28) | 0.44 | ||
| Planning | (n = 198) | 5.68 (1.15) | 5.88 (1.32) | 0.28 | 5.80 (1.20) | 5.67 (1.29) | 0.52 | 5.76 (1.14) | 5.76 (1.36) | 0.99 | (n = 196) | 5.79 (1.16) | 5.76 (1.28) | 5.62 (1.36) | 0.76 |
| Humor | (n = 200) | 4.31 (1.20) | 4.21 (1.21) | 0.54 | 4.41 (1.23) | 3.87 (1.02) | 0.01* | 4.37 (1.22) | 4.08 (1.16) | 0.11 | (n = 198) | 4.15 (1.15) | 4.72 (1.44) | 4.18 (0.98) | 0.05 |
| Acceptance | (n = 200) | 5.86 (1.02) | 5.99 (0.99) | 0.36 | 5.99 (1.00) | 5.69 (1.00) | 0.06 | 5.88 (1.03) | 5.96 (0.96) | 0.62 | (n = 198) | 5.91 (0.97) | 6.05 (1.07) | 5.76 (1.05) | 0.45 |
| Religion | 3.17 (1.30) | 3.53 (1.54) | 0.07 | 3.23 (1.43) | 3.58 (1.33) | 0.12 | 3.28 (132) | 3.38 (1.56) | 0.65 | 3.19 (1.40) | 3.53 (1.32) | 3.55 (1.54) | 0.22 | ||
| Self-blame | 4.46 (1.14) | 4.70 (1.23) | 0.16 | 4.49 (1.22) | 4.75 (1.06) | 0.17 | 4.40 (1.12) | 4.85 (1.24) | 0.01* | 4.42 (1.19) | 4.60 (1.11) | 4.95 (1.14) | 0.05 | ||
AIS athens insomnia scale
P values were calculated by student t test for sex, age, and depressive status
P values were calculated by one-way ANOVA for sleep quality
Non-parametric tests were used when distributional assumptions were in doubt
The results that are statistically significant are typed in bold
Asterisk indicates statistically significance with p-value < 0.05