Table 3.
Effect of treating diabetic rats with methanolic extracts of N. sativa and propolis for 4 weeks on kidney functions and electrolytes.
| Parameters | Statistics | G1 N. control |
G2 P. control |
G3 N. sativa extract |
G4 Propolis extract |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serum urea (mg/dL) | Mean ± SE | 24.50 ± 1.11d | 74.83 ± 0.87a | 47.33 ± 0.88b | 33.33 ± 0.98c |
| LSD | |||||
| 0.05 = 2.705 | |||||
| t-test | — | −29.16∗∗∗ | 25.28∗∗∗ | 27.26∗∗∗ | |
|
| |||||
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | Mean ± SE | 0.68 ± 0.03d | 3.63 ± 0.18a | 2.60 ± 0.09b | 1.21 ± 0.04c |
| LSD | |||||
| 0.05 = 0.318 | |||||
| t-test | — | −14.90∗∗∗ | 6.70∗∗∗ | 11.66∗∗∗ | |
|
| |||||
| Serum uric acid (mg/dL) | Mean ± SE | 3.33 ± 0.08d | 6.68 ± 0.04a | 5.15 ± 0.07b | 4.20 ± 0.05c |
| LSD | |||||
| 0.05 = 0.179 | |||||
| t-test | — | −59.53∗∗∗ | 31.01∗∗∗ | 28.46∗∗∗ | |
|
| |||||
| Urinary albumin (mg/dL) | Mean ± SE | 22.16 ± 1.70d | 411.50 ± 7.74a | 216.66 ± 3.71d | 122.66 ± 3.27b |
| LSD | |||||
| 0.05 = 14.333 | |||||
| t-test | — | −47.24∗∗∗ | 20.85∗∗∗ | 29.03∗∗∗ | |
|
| |||||
| Urinary creatinine (mg/dL) | Mean ± SE | 85.00 ± 0.85a | 27.00 ± 0.36c | 35.16 ± 1.16b | 73.16 ± 0.60c |
| LSD | |||||
| 0.05 = 2.405 | |||||
| t-test | — | 84.90∗∗∗ | −7.57∗∗∗ | −70.58∗∗∗ | |
|
| |||||
| Serum Na+ (mmol/L) | Mean ± SE | 143.83 ± 0.94a | 118.33 ± 0.88d | 127.83 ± 0.60c | 138.66 ± 0.42b |
| LSD | |||||
| 0.05 = 1.996 | |||||
| t-test | — | 19.85∗∗∗ | −8.99∗∗∗ | −24.11∗∗∗ | |
|
| |||||
| Serum K+ (mmol/L) | Mean ± SE | 4.86 ± 0.03a | 3.03 ± 0.08d | 3.76 ± 0.04c | 4.25 ± 0.04b |
| LSD | |||||
| 0.05 = 0.169 | |||||
| t-test | — | 17.39∗∗∗ | −10.25∗∗∗ | −13.37∗∗∗ | |
Data are represented as mean ± SE. t-test values: ∗∗∗: significant at P < 0.001. ANOVA analysis: within each row, means with different superscript (a, b, c, or d) are significantly different at P < 0.05, whereas means with the same superscript letters mean that there is no significant difference at P < 0.05. LSD: least significant difference; NS: nonsignificant.