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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Acad Pediatr. 2016 Nov 19;17(2):127–134. doi: 10.1016/j.acap.2016.11.011

Table 4.

Association of Material Hardship/Home Ownership with Asthma Diagnosis and ED Visits

Unadjusted SES/Demographic Adjusteda Hardship/Home Ownership Adjusted (Model 1)b Exposure Adjusted (Model 2)c
OR 95%CI AOR 95%CI AOR 95%CI AOR 95%CI
Asthma Diagnosis
Material Hardship
    Poor Housing Qualityd 1.61* 1.42-1.82 1.46* 1.28-1.66 1.45* 1.28-1.66 1.35* 1.18-1.54
    Crowding: > 2 People/Bedroom 1.23* 1.05-1.44 1.00 0.84-1.19 0.96 0.81-1.14 0.95 0.80-1.12
    Lack of Amenitiese 1.28* 1.16-1.41 1.11 1.00-1.23 1.04 0.94-1.16 1.02 0.91-1.15
    No Vehicle Access 1.67* 1.39-2.00 1.21 1.00-1.46 1.13 0.93-1.37 1.10 0.90-1.35
Home Ownership
    Unit is Owned 0.70* 0.64-0.77 0.84* 0.76-0.94 0.86* 0.76-0.96 0.87* 0.78-0.98
Asthma ED Visits
Material Hardship
    Poor Housing Qualityd 1.95* 1.48-2.56 1.59* 1.21-2.10 1.59* 1.20-2.10 1.49* 1.13-1.98
    Crowding: > 2 People/Bedroom 1.56* 1.08-2.26 1.12 0.72-1.73 1.05 0.69-1.61 1.06 0.69-1.63
    Lack of Amenitiese 1.82* 1.46-2.27 1.11 0.84-1.47 0.98 0.74-1.31 0.98 0.73-1.30
    No Vehicle Access 2.52* 1.76-3.60 1.23 0.81-1.84 1.11 0.73-1.67 1.10 0.72-1.67
Home Ownership
    Unit is Owned 0.40* 0.31-0.51 0.62* 0.46-0.82 0.62* 0.46-0.84 0.63* 0.46-0.85

Logistic regression, all analyses are weighted estimates.

*

statistically significant to a level of p < 0.05.

a

SES/Demographic Adjusted: Each predictor is adjusted for census division, metropolitan status, number of children age 6-17 per household, head of household race/ethnicity, head of household age and sex, household income as a percentage of the poverty level (<=100%, 101-249%, 250-499%, >=500%), and head of household education, but not the other material hardship predictors or home ownership (as applicable).

b

Hardship/Home Ownership Adjusted (Model 1): Each predictor is adjusted as in SES/Demographic adjusted analysis, and additionally adjusted for all other material hardship markers listed in the table and home ownership (as applicable).

c

Exposure Adjusted (Model 2): Each predictor is adjusted as in Model 1, and additionally for exposure to cigarette smoke, mold, mice and cockroach.

d

Poor housing quality defined as cracks in walls/floors/windows, broken plumbing, or exposed wires.

e

Lack of amenities defined as unit lacks any of the following: working washing machine, dishwasher, or refrigerator.