Table 4.

Couples’ stress markers and the relative risks of a male birth, 2005–2009 (n=235)

Stress marker	Unadjusted RR (95% CI)	Adjusted^a RR (95% CI)	Adjusted^b RR (95% CI)
PSS-4 (maternal)	1.00 (0.95–1.06)	1.00 (0.94–1.06)	0.97 (0.91–1.03)
PSS-4 (paternal)	1.00 (0.94–1.05)	1.00 (0.95–1.06)	0.99 (0.93–1.05)
Lifetime history of physician-diagnosed anxiety disorders (maternal)
No	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)
Yes	0.57 (0.27–1.22)	0.65 (0.30–1.43)	0.65 (0.30–1.39)
Lifetime history of physician-diagnosed anxiety disorders (paternal)
No	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)
Yes	1.31 (0.78–2.19)	1.35 (0.87–2.10)	2.03 (1.46–2.84)^*
Lifetime history of physician-diagnosed mood disorders (maternal)
No	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)
Yes	1.10 (0.68–1.76)	1.17 (0.69–1.98)	1.04 (0.55–1.96)
Lifetime history of physician-diagnosed mood disorders (paternal)
No	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)
Yes	0.78 (0.26–2.31)	0.67 (0.23–1.91)	0.51 (0.08–3.06)

CI, confidence interval; PSS-4, the four-item version of Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale; RR, relative risk.

Note: Modified Poisson regression models were used to estimate the relative risks of a male birth (Zou, 2004). All point and interval estimates were rounded to two decimal places. In combination with other covariates, both maternal and paternal stress markers were included simultaneously in the model. Physician-diagnosed anxiety disorders included agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, social anxiety disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. Physician-diagnosed mood disorders included major depression, bipolar disorder, and other mood disorders.

Adjusted for both partners’ age (continuous) and serum cotinine (continuous).

Adjusted for both partners’ age (continuous), serum cotinine (continuous), and annual income (< $70,000/= $70,000), and maternal parity (nulliparous/parous).

Bolded values indicate p-value < 0.05.