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. 2017 Mar 6;8:103. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00103

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Copyright © 2017 Duurland, Brown, O’Shaughnessy and Wedderburn.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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CD161⁺ T cells express markers associated with gut homing and respond to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). (A) Heat maps showing DE genes encoding chemokine receptors and integrins in CD161⁺ conventional T cells (Tconv) and CD161⁺ regulatory T cells (Treg) compared to their CD161⁻ counterparts. (B) Normalized expression values for CCR9, ITGA4, and ITGB7 within CD161⁻ (○) and CD161⁺ () Tconv and Treg from RNAseq. (C,D) Representative plots and summary graphs showing percentage CCR9⁺ (C) and integrin α4⁺β7⁺ (D) cells by flow cytometry within CD161⁻ (○) and CD161⁺ () Tconv and Treg in healthy adults (n = 18) and children (n = 4–8). (E–G) Healthy adult peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were cultured in medium, 1, 10, or 100 nM ATRA for 4 days as indicated and analyzed for expression of CCR9, integrin α4β7 and CD161 (n = 6). (E) Representative plots showing percentage CCR9⁺ and integrin α4⁺β7⁺ cells within CD161⁺ and CD161⁻ CD3⁺CD4⁺ T cells at culture conditions indicated. (F) Summary graphs showing percentage CCR9⁺ and integrin α4⁺β7⁺ cells within CD161⁻ (○) and CD161⁺ () CD3⁺CD4⁺ T cells at culture conditions indicated. (G) Percentage CD161⁺ cells within CD3⁺CD4⁺ cells at end of culture. (H,I) Purified CD161⁺ and CD161⁻ Tconv from healthy adults were cultured with ATRA as described before (n = 3). (H) Summary graphs showing percentage CCR9⁺ and integrin α4⁺β7⁺ cells within sorted CD161⁻ (○) and CD161⁺ () Tconv at culture conditions indicated. (I) Percentage CD161⁺ cells of CD3⁺CD4⁺ cells within sorted CD161⁻ (○) and CD161⁺ () Tconv at end of culture. Statistical significance: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.

CD161⁺ T cells express markers associated with gut homing and respond to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). (A) Heat maps showing DE genes encoding chemokine receptors and integrins in CD161⁺ conventional T cells (Tconv) and CD161⁺ regulatory T cells (Treg) compared to their CD161⁻ counterparts. (B) Normalized expression values for CCR9, ITGA4, and ITGB7 within CD161⁻ (○) and CD161⁺ () Tconv and Treg from RNAseq. (C,D) Representative plots and summary graphs showing percentage CCR9⁺ (C) and integrin α4⁺β7⁺ (D) cells by flow cytometry within CD161⁻ (○) and CD161⁺ () Tconv and Treg in healthy adults (n = 18) and children (n = 4–8). (E–G) Healthy adult peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were cultured in medium, 1, 10, or 100 nM ATRA for 4 days as indicated and analyzed for expression of CCR9, integrin α4β7 and CD161 (n = 6). (E) Representative plots showing percentage CCR9⁺ and integrin α4⁺β7⁺ cells within CD161⁺ and CD161⁻ CD3⁺CD4⁺ T cells at culture conditions indicated. (F) Summary graphs showing percentage CCR9⁺ and integrin α4⁺β7⁺ cells within CD161⁻ (○) and CD161⁺ () CD3⁺CD4⁺ T cells at culture conditions indicated. (G) Percentage CD161⁺ cells within CD3⁺CD4⁺ cells at end of culture. (H,I) Purified CD161⁺ and CD161⁻ Tconv from healthy adults were cultured with ATRA as described before (n = 3). (H) Summary graphs showing percentage CCR9⁺ and integrin α4⁺β7⁺ cells within sorted CD161⁻ (○) and CD161⁺ () Tconv at culture conditions indicated. (I) Percentage CD161⁺ cells of CD3⁺CD4⁺ cells within sorted CD161⁻ (○) and CD161⁺ () Tconv at end of culture. Statistical significance: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.