Table 5.
Associations between sociodemographic and psychosocial factors and women's exposure to different forms of IPV during pregnancy
| Physical violence |
Psychological violence |
Sexual violence |
Controlling behaviour |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | n (%) with phys. violence | OR (95% CI) | n (%) with psycho. violence | OR (95% CI) | n (%) with sexual violence | OR (95% CI) | n (%) with cont. behaviour | OR (95% CI) |
| Province | ||||||||
| Northern Province | 54 (8.8) | 1 | 99 (16) | 1 | 47 (7.6) | 1 | 89 (16.0) | 1 |
| Kigali city | 40 (8.8) | 1.19 (0.68 to 2.06) | 58 (19) | 1.00 (0.63 to 1.58) | 42 (13.8) | 1.26 (0.69 to 2.26) | 74 (28.9) | 1.94 (1.33 to 2.81) |
| Age groups (years) | ||||||||
| 15–30 | 66 (10.4) | 1 | 108 (17.1) | 1 | 57 (9.0) | 1 | 37 (14.3) | 1 |
| 31–46 | 28 (9.8) | 0.99 (0.65 to 1.74) | 49 (17.1) | 1.44 (0.71 to 1.83) | 32 (11.1) | 1.84 (1.01 to 3.35) | 126 (22.8) | 2.17 (1.35 to 3.47) |
| Pregnancies before index child | ||||||||
| 0 | 23 (8.0) | 1 | 35 (12.2) | 1 | 27 (9.4) | 1 | 50 (19.7) | 1 |
| ≥1 | 70 (11.6) | 1.62 (0.83 to 3.18) | 120 (20.0) | 2.11 (1.19 to 3.75) | 59 (9.89) | 1.04 (0.51 to 2.18) | 108 (20.4) | 1.41 (0.85 to 2.32) |
| Relation with household head | ||||||||
| Wife/partner | 82 (10.2) | 1 | 133 (17.7) | 1 | 71 (9.4) | 1 | 119 (17.9) | 1 |
| Any other relationship | 12 (7.2) | 0.57 (0.30 to 1.15) | 24 (14.4) | 0.95 (0.33 to 2.74) | 18 (10.8) | 1.03 (0.62 to 1.97) | 44 (29.7) | 2.40 (0.94 to 6.09) |
| Social support | ||||||||
| Good | 70 (9.5) | 1 | 115 (15.7) | 1 | 56 (7.6) | 1 | 124 (18.8) | 1 |
| Poor | 24 (12.9) | 1.23 (0.66 to 2.27) | 42 (22.6) | 0.86 (0.51 to 1.44) | 33 (17.7) | 2.92 (1.63 to 5.24) | 38 (25.3) | 1.33 (0.76 to 2.27) |
| Household assets summary measure | ||||||||
| Improved (≥1 item) | 60 (8.4) | 1 | 106 (14.8) | 1 | 65 (9.1) | 1 | 130 (20.7) | 1 |
| Poor (none of the items) | 31 (16.0) | 2.27 (1.29 to 3.98) | 48 (24.7) | 2.38 (1.47 to 3.86) | 22 (11.3) | 1.40 (0.72 to 2.72) | 32 (18.4) | 0.90 (0.52 to 1.55) |
| Partner/husband's level of Education | ||||||||
| Secondary school or university | 8 (6.3) | 1 | 13 (10.2) | 1 | 10 (7.8) | 1 | 20 (17.9) | 1 |
| Complete primary school or VT | 24 (9.7) | 0.71 (0.40 to 1.23) | 45 (18.1) | 1.30 (0.66 to 2.56) | 21 (8.5) | 1.13 (0.49 to 2.75) | 46 (20.2) | 0.88 (0.45 to 1.72) |
| Incomplete primary school | 38 (13.4) | 0.63 (0.27 to 1.44) | 52 (18.4) | 1.33 (0.67 to 2.65) | 30 (10.6) | 0.88 (0.38 to 2.05) | 39 (15.9 | 1.19 (0.63 to 2.27) |
| Partner/husband's age (years) | ||||||||
| ≤40 | 79 (11.8) | 1 | 118 (17.7) | 63 (9.4) | 1 | 114 (19.4) | 1 | |
| 41–70 | 6 (5.6) | 0.38 (0.14 to 1.04) | 18 (16.7) | 0.50 (0.23 to 1.07) | 12 (11.1) | 0.73 (0.31 to 1.74) | 11 (11.7) | 0.53 (0.25 to 1.15) |
Bold denotes statistical significance. Adjusted ORs with their 95% CIs. N=921.
*Values are from the logistic regression models containing all the variables in the table.
cont, controlling; phys, physical; psycho, psychological; VT, vocational training.