Table 3.

Associations between parental violence and witnessing violence between parents, male students

Characteristic	Male (n=1334) Witnessed shouting versus witnessed no parental violence			Male (n=1195) Witnessed physical IPV vs witnessed no parental violence			Male (n=1317) Witnessed shouting and physical IPV vs witnessed no parental violence
	aOR	95% CI	p Value	aOR	95% CI	p Value	aOR	95% CI	p Value
Parental violence
Emotional only	4.28	2.20 to 8.31	<0.001	0.74	0.08 to 6.72	0.781	6.77	3.96 to 11.56	<0.001
Physical only	1.65	0.94 to 2.89	0.077	1.05	0.36 to 3.00	0.933	0.77	0.39 to 1.51	0.436
Emotional and physical	6.53	3.29 to 12.96	<0.001	–	–		6.22	2.63 to 14.72	<0.001
Non-parental violence
Emotional	2.67	1.86 to 3.86	<0.001	1.48	0.83 to 2.62	0.175	2.87	1.72 to 4.78	<0.001
Physical*	1.69	1.09 to 2.64	0.021	2.48	1.67 to 3.68	<0.001	2.34	1.52 to 3.56	<0.001
Sexual	1.84	0.94 to 3.61	0.074	2.24	0.57 to 8.83	0.243	3.51	1.52 to 8.10	0.004

aOR is adjusted OR, adjusted for age (years), eaten at least three meals in the past day versus less, share sleeping area with two or more children, versus less, share sleeping area with one or more adults versus less, have a disability versus not, worked 1–2 hours or 2 or more hours per day versus <1 hour.

*Any physical violence from non-parents but severe physical violence from school staff.

IPV, intimate partner violence.