Table 6.
Characteristics of included students
| Male |
Female |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | N* | Per cent | SE | N* | Per cent | SE | p Value |
| Age | <0.001 | ||||||
| 10 years or less | 50 | 3.0 | 0.7 | 93 | 5.3 | 1.0 | |
| 11–14 years | 1275 | 78.7 | 1.6 | 1503 | 84.7 | 1.2 | |
| 15 or more years | 329 | 18.3 | 1.7 | 172 | 10.0 | 1.3 | |
| Number of meals eaten yesterday | 0.032 | ||||||
| 1 meal | 225 | 12.7 | 1.2 | 280 | 15.1 | 1.2 | |
| 2 meals | 716 | 41.7 | 2.0 | 644 | 36.7 | 1.6 | |
| 3+ meals | 715 | 45.6 | 2.7 | 846 | 48.0 | 1.8 | |
| Disability | 122 | 8.0 | 0.7 | 113 | 7.2 | 0.8 | 0.352 |
| Transport to school | 0.019 | ||||||
| Other | 96 | 6.1 | 1.6 | 43 | 3.3 | 1.2 | |
| Walking alone | 443 | 28.7 | 3.1 | 447 | 26.9 | 3.1 | |
| Walking with others | 1067 | 65.3 | 3.3 | 1247 | 69.8 | 3.7 | |
| Ever worked for money | 961 | 55.9 | 3.1 | 272 | 14.7 | 1.2 | <0.001 |
| Hours worked on average school day | 0.149 | ||||||
| <1 | 570 | 38.2 | 3.8 | 650 | 38.6 | 2.5 | |
| 1–2 | 757 | 43.6 | 2.5 | 847 | 47.1 | 2.0 | |
| More than 2 | 327 | 18.2 | 2.3 | 264 | 14.3 | 1.2 | |
| Violence from parents or caregivers | |||||||
| No violence | 1428 | 87.0 | 1.9 | 1205 | 69.0 | 4.1 | <0.001 |
| Sexual violence, lifetime | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | – | |
| Emotional violence only, lifetime | 48 | 2.7 | 0.6 | 78 | 4.4 | 1.3 | |
| Physical violence only, lifetime | 143 | 8.3 | 1.3 | 395 | 21.9 | 3.3 | |
| Emotional and physical violence, lifetime | 37 | 2.0 | 0.6 | 92 | 4.7 | 0.9 | |
| Witnessing IPV | |||||||
| No witnessing | 1143 | 73.2 | 1.7 | 1199 | 72.9 | 1.6 | 0.836 |
| Witnessed shouting only, ever | 191 | 12.4 | 1.7 | 225 | 13.3 | 1.0 | |
| Witnessed physical IPV only, ever | 64 | 3.8 | 0.6 | 69 | 4.0 | 0.6 | |
| Witnessed shouting and physical IPV, ever | 174 | 10.7 | 1.0 | 165 | 9.8 | 1.0 | |
| Violence from non-caregivers | |||||||
| Emotional violence, lifetime | 938 | 58.7 | 2.7 | 993 | 55.8 | 2.9 | 0.485 |
| Physical violence,† lifetime | 625 | 39.8 | 2.8 | 675 | 39.2 | 2.2 | 0.768 |
| Sexual violence, lifetime | 63 | 3.9 | 0.6 | 239 | 13.3 | 1.3 | <0.001 |
| Witnessing IPV‡ and violence from any perpetrator§ | |||||||
| Not witnessed parental IPV or experienced violence | 92 | 5.6 | 0.9 | 72 | 4.6 | 1.6 | 0.446 |
| Witnessed IPV but not experienced any violence | 9 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 24 | 1.3 | 0.5 | |
| Not witnessed IPV but experienced violence | 1051 | 67.6 | 1.8 | 1127 | 68.3 | 1.6 | |
| Witnessed IPV and experience violence | 420 | 26.3 | 1.8 | 435 | 25.8 | 1.7 | |
*Ns are number of participants in each category and are not adjusted for survey design; per cent and SE are weighted and adjusted for clustering.
†Includes physical violence from any perpetrator but only severe physical violence from school staff.
‡Witnessing parental IPV includes shouting or physical IPV.
§Violence from caregiver or non-caregiver (sexual or emotional violence from any perpetrator and any physical violence from non-parents but severe physical violence from school staff).
IPV, intimate partner violence.