Table 3.

Summary of the reviewed studies

No	First author, year	Country	Setting	Number of participants	Participants type	Strength	Area of potential improvement
1	Aboul-Fotouh, 201240	Egypt	1 teaching hospital	510	Health professional	Organisational learning/continuous improvement Teamwork within unit Staffing	Non-punitive response to error Handoffs and transition Hospital management support for patient safety
2	AbuAlRub, 201438	Jordan	1 hospital	57	Nurses	Organisational learning/continuous improvement Teamwork within unit Feedback and communication about errors	Non-punitive response to error Staffing Handoffs and transition
3	El-Jardali, 201034	Lebanon	68 hospitals	6807	Clinical and non-clinical staff	Teamwork within unit Hospital management support for patient safety Organisational learning/continuous improvement	Non-punitive response to error Staffing Hospital handoffs and transitions
4	Alahmadi, 201035	Saudi Arabia	13 hospitals	223	Health professionals	Organisational learning/continuous improvement Teamwork within unit Feedback and communication about errors	Non-punitive response to error Staffing Teamwork across hospital units
5	El-Jardali, 201443	Saudi Arabia	1 hospital	2572	Clinical and non-clinical staff	Organisational learning/continuous improvement Teamwork within unit Hospital management support for patient safety	Non-punitive response to error Staffing Communication openness
6	Al-Ahmadi, 200944	Saudi Arabia	9 public hospitals and 2 private	1224	Clinical and non-clinical staff	Organisational learning/continuous improvement Teamwork across hospital units. Supervisor/manager expectations and action promoting safety	Handoffs and transition Communication openness Non-punitive response to error
7	Al Awa, 201218	Saudi Arabia	1 hospital	605	Nurses	Organisational learning/continuous improvement Teamwork within unit Hospital management support for patient safety	Non-punitive response to error Staffing Communication openness
8	Ammouri, 201445	Oman	4 hospitals	414	Nurses	Teamwork within unit Organisational learning/continuous improvement Feedback and communication about errors	Non-punitive response to error Hospital management support for patient safety Staffing
9	Hamdan, 201339	Palestine	11 hospitals	1460	Clinical and non-clinical staff	Teamwork within unit Organisational learning/continuous improvement Supervisor/manager expectations and action promoting safety	Non-punitive response to error Frequency of events reported Communication openness
10	Abdelhai, 201246	Egypt	Teaching hospitals	400	Health professionals	Feedback and communication about error Hospital management support for patient safety Hospital handoffs and transitions	Non-punitive response to error Supervisor/manager expectations and action promoting safety Staffing
11	Ahmed, 201137	Egypt	2 university hospitals	128	Nurses	Teamwork across hospital units Supervisor/manager expectation and actions promoting safety Teamwork within units	Frequency of reported events Feedback and communication about error Communication openness
12	Saleh, 201547	Jordan	2 public hospitals, 2 private hospitals and 1 teaching hospital	242	Nurses	Teamwork within units Organisational learning/continuous improvement Communication openness	Staffing Non-punitive response to error Supervisor/manager expectations and actions promoting safety
13	Khater, 201448	Jordan	15 public hospitals, 4 privates hospitals and 2 teaching hospitals	658	Nurses	Teamwork within units Organisational learning/continuous improvement Frequency of events reported	Non-punitive response to error Staffing Handoffs and transitions
14	Ghobashi, 201441	Kuwait	4 primary care centres	369	Clinical and non-clinical	Teamwork within units Organisational learning/continuous improvement Management support for patient safety	Non-punitive response to error Frequency of events reported Staffing
15	Aboshaiqah, 201349	Saudi Arabia	1 hospital	498	Nurses	Hospital management support for patient safety Organisational learning/continuous improvement Teamwork within units	Hospital handoffs and transitions Communication openness Non-punitive response to error
16	Aljabri, 201250	Saudi Arabia	2 hospitals	726	Health professionals	Organisational learning/continuous improvement Teamwork within units Hospital management support for patient safety	Non-punitive response to error Staffing Hospital handoffs and transitions
17	Al-Mandhari, 201451	Oman	5 hospitals	398	Clinical and non-clinical	Organisational learning/continuous improvement Teamwork within units Management support for patient safety	Non-punitive response to error Staffing Handoffs and transitions
18	Mohamed, 201542	Egypt	28 primary health centres	250	Clinical and non-clinical	Teamwork within units Management support for patient safety Supervisor expectations and actions promoting safety	Staffing Frequency of events reported Non-punitive response to errors