Table 1.

Common muscles investigated during manual lifting.

Reference	Muscle areas
Kamarudin et al. [7]	Biceps brachii and triceps brachii
Voge and Dingwell [8]	Biceps, middeltoid, midtrapezius, and postdeltoid
Zawawi et al. [9]	Biceps brachii
Al-Ashaik et al. [10]	Biceps brachii, erector spinae, anterior deltoid, and trapezius
Granata and Marras [11]	Erector spinae, external abdominal obliques, internal abdominal obliques, rectus abdominis, and latissimus dorsi
Roy et al. [12]	Longissimus thoracis, iliocostalis lumborum, and multifidus
Seroussi and Pope [13]	Erector spinae and external oblique
Graham et al. [14]	Lumbar erector spinae, thoracic erector spinae, and rectus abdominis
Gagnon et al. [15]	Thoracic erector spinae, lumbar erector spinae, internal oblique, external oblique, rectus abdominis, and latissimus dorsi
Dolan and Adams [16]	Erector spinae
Bonato et al. [17]	Iliocostalis lumborum, longissimus thoracis, and multifidus
Potvin [18]	Thoracic erector spinae and lumbar erector spinae
Kingma and Van Dieën [19]	External oblique, internal oblique, rectus abdominis, iliocostalis lumborum, longissimus thoracis, and pars thoracis
Shin and Kim [20]	Erector spinae, rectus abdominis, latissimus dorsi, internal oblique, and external oblique
Cholewicki et al. [21]	Lumbar erector spinae, thoracic erector spinae, latissimus dorsi, internal oblique, external oblique, and rectus abdominis