Table 1.

Important findings of previous studies involving carrageenan bionanocomposites.

Sr. number	Combination polymer	Objective	Important findings	References
(1)	κ-Carrageenan	To examine the effect of FONPs on swelling, kinetics, and drug release mechanism.	Addition of MNPs causes high swelling ratio and forms stronger gels. The release rate of model drug can be tailored with the concentration of MNPs.	[70]
(2)	Poly vinyl alcohol	To control the release of drug (diclofenac sodium) via MNPs.	Drug release depends on pH and magnetic field.	[71]
(3)	Carboxymethyl chitosan	To modify drug release pattern.	Increase in drug release by applying external magnetic field as well as elevating of pH	[72]
(4)	Carrageenan	To enhance the performance of carrageenan hydrogels as drug delivery carrier in gastrointestinal conditions.	Less release of methylene blue in stomach.	[40]
(5)	κ-Carrageenan	To develop new nanocomposite hydrogels via in situ approach to find a suitable drug carrier for GIT release.	MB release increased with increased concentration of NPs.	[73, 74]
(6)	Poly(acrylic acid)	To produce novel biocompatible triple-response hydrogels based on k-CG.	Higher drug release in the absence of EMF at pH 7.	[75]
(7)	Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)	To fabricate and characterize hybrid microparticles (hNPs) to deliver doxorubicin against cancer cells.	Coupling of λ-CG to folic acid increased the targeting of cancer cells.	[76]
(8)	Chitosan	To evaluate the release potential of natural polymer coated MNPs for controlled release of macromolecules.	Greater release of BSA at high pH.	[77]
(9)	None	To explore the synergistic effect of ι-CG and MNPs in drug delivery and cancer therapy.	Prepared nanocomposites proved to be potential candidate for cancer therapy due to apoptosis.	[78]
(10)	None	To explore the antibacterial applications of inorganic biodegradable hydrogels.	A strong zone of inhibition against Bacillus and Escherichia coli.	[79]
(11)	None	To formulate environment-friendly nanocomposite films comprising of carrageenan, AgNPs, and clay mineral to investigate their combined effect on antimicrobial activity and physicochemical film properties.	The combined use of both nanofillers (AgNPs and clay) showed potential antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.	[80]
(12)	None	To synthesize CG/CNF nanocomposite films and to study the effects of CNF concentrations on various properties of CG/CNF nanocomposite films.	Strong antimicrobial activity of the prepared films against Gram-positive food borne pathogens (Listeria monocytogenes).	[81]
(13)	None	To enhance the physical barrier and mechanical properties of CG based films by the addition of nanoclay as well as to check the antimicrobial effect of ZEO added in these films.	Strong microbial activity against S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli, S. typhimurium, and P. aeruginosa.	[82]
(14)	Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)	To prepare CG-based hydrogels impregnated with CNTs and evaluate their swelling behavior and adsorption performance of crystal violet (CV) as model dye.	Lower adsorption of CV at acidic pHs and high adsorption at high pH. Moreover adsorption of CV also increases with increase in concentration of MCNT.	[83]