Table 1.
Active ingredients in phytogenic materials and their mode of antioxidant actions in animals
| Materials | Total phenolics (mg GAE/g DW) | Total flavonoid (mg QE/g DW) | Active ingredients | antioxidant capacities | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TS | 22.23±1.13 | 1.38±0.06 | DPPH scavenging activity, superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, Inhibition of lipid peroxidation acitivity | Lin et al [5] | |
| 81.86±1.48 | 62.23±4.62 | Quercetin, Myricetin, Kaempferol | DPPH scavenging activity, oxygen radical absorption activity | Chao et al [53] | |
| Superoxide anion scavenging activity, Reducing power, Metals ion chelating effect | Hseu et al [54] | ||||
| Quercetrin, Kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamopyranoside, Astragalin, Quercetin, Kaempferol, Methyl gallate, Ethyl gallate, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose | DPPH scavenging activity, Superoxide anion scavenging activity, Reducing power, Metals ion chelating effect | Yang et al [55] | |||
| EP | 55.9±1.1 | ND | Chlorogenic acid, Echinacoside, Alkamide8/9, Cynarin, Caftaric acid, Cichoric acid | Lee et al [8] Lee et al [9] | |
| GP | Delphinidin 3-O-glucoside, Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, Petunidin 3-O-glucoside, Peonidin 3-O-glucoside, Malvidin 3-O-glucoside, Delphinidin 3-O-(600-O-p-coumaryl)-glucoside, Petunidin 3-O-(600-O-p-coumaryl)-glucoside, Peonidin 3-O-(600-O-p-coumaryl)-glucoside, Malvidin 3-O-(600-O-p-coumaryl)-glucoside, Malvidin 3-O-(600-O-acetyl)-glucoside, Malvidin 3-O-(600-O-caffeyl)-glucoside, Quercetin 3-O-glucuronide, Quercetin 3-O-glucoside, Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, Kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, Isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside, Isorhamnetin 3-O-glucuronide, Myricetin, Quercetin, Laricitrin, Kaempferol, Isorhamnetin | DPPH scavenging activity | Ruberto et al [45] | ||
| Resveratrol, catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, gallic acid, ellagic acid | Peroxyl radical scavenging activity | Yilmaz and Toledo [46] | |||
| ML | 7.4±0.15 | 4.4±0.19 | Gallic acid, Caffeic acid, Epicatechin, Gallocatechin gallate | DPPH scavenging activity, Reducing capacity, Metals ion chelating effect, Inhibition of lipid peroxidation acitivity | Lin et al [96] |
| DPPH/NO/superoxide anion scavenging activity, Reducing power | Andallu et al [95] |
GAE, gallic acid equivalent; QE, quercetin equivalent; DW, dry weight; TS, Toona sinensis; DPPH, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; EP, Echinacea purpurea L.; ND, non-detected; GP, grape seeds and/or skins; ML, Mulberry leave.