Table 4.
Baseline level and 1‐year changes in total polyphenol excreted, lipid profiles, blood pressure and inflammatory biomarkers, according to tertiles of changes in total urinary polyphenols excreted†
| Δ Urine mg GAE per gram creatinine tertiles | Repeated measures ANOVA‡ | P value for differences§ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 (<–14.03) | T2 (–14.04 to 31.56) | T3 (>31.57) | Time x Group | T2 vs. T1 | T3 vs. T1 | |
| No. of subjects | 379 | 380 | 380 | |||
| Urine total polyphenol (mg GAE per gram creatinine) | ||||||
| Baseline | 166.1 (84.7) | 102.4 (40.6) | 107.5 (47.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| 1 year | 102.9 (51.6)**,a | 110.2 (41.7)**,a | 209.0 (95.9)**,b | |||
| Systolic BP (mmHg), mean (SD) | ||||||
| Baseline | 150.2 (17.3) | 151.6 (17.4) | 153.2 (18.5) | 0.594 | 0.034 | 0.005 |
| 1 year | 149.8 (18.1) | 147.8 (16.2)** | 148.6 (17.6)** | |||
| Diastolic BP (mmHg), mean (SD) | ||||||
| Baseline | 83.3 (9.3) | 84.9 (10.2) | 85.2 (9.8) | 0.409 | 0.044 | 0.004 |
| 1 year | 83.4 (9.4) | 83.0 (10.1)** | 83.4 (9.4)** | |||
| Fasting glucose, mg dl –1 | ||||||
| Baseline | 122.5 (36.8) | 117.6 (37.2) | 114.1 (33.4) | 0.024 | 0.118 | 0.455 |
| 1 year | 121.5 (39.0) | 116.4 (34.4) | 114.7 (35.9) | |||
| Total cholesterol, mg dl–1 | ||||||
| Baseline | 204.3 (37.7) | 206.4 (35.2) | 207.9 (35.4) | 0.250 | 0.734 | 0.648 |
| 1 year | 206.1 (36.6) | 208.0 (34.2) | 211.4 (34.5) | |||
| LDL‐cholesterol, mg dl–1 | ||||||
| Baseline | 132.3 (33.6) | 134.9 (31.4) | 136.8 (32.7) | 0.313 | 0.539 | 0.163 |
| 1 year | 124.1 (32.3)** | 126.8 (29.4)** | 126.8 (30.2)** | |||
| HDL‐cholesterol, mg dl–1 | ||||||
| Baseline | 53.4 (11.0) | 53.3 (11.2) | 53.9 (10.9) | 0.086 | 0.712 | 0.004 |
| 1 year | 56.6 (13.4)**,a | 55.9 (13.5)**,a | 59.5 (14.3)**,b | |||
| Triglyceride, mg dl–1 | ||||||
| Baseline | 126.5 (58.9) | 127.5 (69.6) | 132.9 (66.3) | 0.122 | 0.382 | 0.553 |
| 1 year | 128.8 (58.8) | 124.8 (59.6)a | 138.4 (80.5)b | |||
| VCAM‐1, ng ml–1 | ||||||
| Baseline | 176.1 (44.1) | 177.5 (49.8) | 179.8 (46.2) | 0.877 | 0.045 | 0.019 |
| 1 year | 180.3 (47.2) | 174.1 (46.8) | 173.2 (46.3)* | |||
| ICAM‐1, ng ml–1 | ||||||
| Baseline | 183.9 (64.4) | 170.8 (78.3) | 180.9 (68.8) | 0.039 | 0.034 | 0.002 |
| 1 year | 187.5 (73.3)a | 166.6 (64.7)b | 173.5 (64.2)* | |||
| IL‐6, pg ml–1 | ||||||
| Baseline | 6.0 (6.7) | 6.0 (5.6) | 5.3 (6.4) | 0.031 | 0.019 | 0.004 |
| 1 year | 6.1 (8.7)a | 5.1 (3.9)** | 4.4 (4.6)**,b | |||
| TNF‐α, pg ml–1 | ||||||
| Baseline | 15.5 (21.5) | 15.7 (21.8) | 12.9 (22.2) | 0.040 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| 1 year | 16.7 (27.2)a | 12.4 (16.8)** | 9.2 (13.7)**,b | |||
| MCP‐1, pg ml–1 | ||||||
| Baseline | 37.0 (17.5) | 38.9 (26.2) | 41.7 (25.2) | 0.306 | 0.012 | 0.017 |
| 1 year | 40.2 (18.4)* | 37.7 (18.5) | 39.2 (17.0)* | |||
Data are given as means [standard deviation (SD)]. Different letters in rows shows significant difference between groups by the Bonferroni post‐hoc test (P < 0.05). Values with asterisks are statistically different from baseline by the Bonferroni post‐hoc test
P < 0.05;
P < 0.01.
Data analysed by repeated‐measures two‐factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) (P < 0.05).
Data analysed by analysis of covariance (P < 0.05) and adjusted by the baseline value of each variable, intervention group, gender, age, body mass index, smoking status, physical activity, medication use (antihypertensive agents, statins or other hypolipidaemic drugs, insulin, oral hypoglycaemic drugs, and aspirin or other antiplatelet drugs), supplements taken in the previous month, and sodium, potassium, total energy, monounsaturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid and saturated fatty acid intake. BP, blood pressure; GAE: gallic acid equivalent; ICAM‐1: soluble intercellular adhesion molecule‐1; IL‐6, plasma interleukin 6; MCP‐1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1; Med diet, Mediterranean diet; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; TNF‐α, tumour necrosis factor alpha; VCAM‐1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1.