Table 4.
Prevalence ratios for nocturnal hypertension, isolated nocturnal hypertension, and non-dipping pattern associated with diabetes among Jackson Heart Study participants taking antihypertensive medication.
| No Diabetes | Diabetes | |
|---|---|---|
| Nocturnal Hypertension | N=371 | N=196 |
| Prevalence, n (%) | 207 (55.8%) | 143 (73.0%) |
| Prevalence ratio (95% CI) | ||
| Model 1 | 1 (ref) | 1.29 (1.14–1.46) |
| Model 2 | 1 (ref) | 1.29 (1.14–1.46) |
| Model 3 | 1 (ref) | 1.28 (1.12–1.45) |
| Model 4 | 1 (ref) | 1.07 (0.95–1.21) |
| Isolated Nocturnal Hypertension | N=223 | N=100 |
| Prevalence, n (%) | 81 (36.3%) | 52 (52.0%) |
| Prevalence ratio (95% CI) | ||
| Model 1 | 1 (ref) | 1.41 (1.10–1.82) |
| Model 2 | 1 (ref) | 1.36 (1.05–1.78) |
| Model 3 | 1 (ref) | 1.27 (0.97–1.66) |
| Model 4 | 1 (ref) | 1.08 (0.83–1.40) |
| Non-dipping Pattern | N=371 | N=196 |
| Prevalence, n (%) | 252 (67.9%) | 143 (73.0%) |
| Prevalence ratio (95% CI) | ||
| Model 1 | 1 (ref) | 1.07 (0.96–1.19) |
| Model 2 | 1 (ref) | 1.03 (0.93–1.15) |
| Model 3 | 1 (ref) | 1.03 (0.92–1.15) |
| Model 4 | 1 (ref) | 1.07 (0.95–1.20) |
CI: confidence interval
See Table 1 for the definitions of nocturnal hypertension, isolated nocturnal hypertension and non-dipping pattern.
Analyses of isolated nocturnal hypertension restricted to participants without elevated daytime hypertension.
Model 1 is adjusted for age and sex.
Model 2 is adjusted for variables in Model 1 + education, marital status, current smoking, physical activity, BMI.
Model 3 is adjusted for variables in Model 2 + history of stroke, history of myocardial infarction, total and HDL-cholesterol, and taking ≥ 3 classes of antihypertensive medications.
Model 4 is adjusted for variables in Model 3 + daytime SBP.