Table 4.
Adjusted odds ratios for reporting high social support1 (n = 390)
| Social support, all domains
|
Emotional support
|
Tangible support
|
Affectionate support
|
Positive interaction
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted OR | (95% CI) | Adjusted OR | (95% CI) | Adjusted OR | Adjusted (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | Adjusted OR | (95% CI) | |
| Age | ||||||||||
| 55–64 (ref) | ||||||||||
| 65—74 | 1.6 | (0.9–2.9) | 2.0* | (1.1–3.4) | 1.3 | (0.7–2.7) | 1.4 | (0.6–3.1) | 1.2 | (0.6–2.4) |
| ≥75 | 2.3* | (1.1–4.9) | 3.9*** | (1.9–7.9) | 1.0 | (0.5–2.3) | 2.2 | (0.8–5.8) | 1.9 | (0.8–4.2) |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Male (ref) | ||||||||||
| Female | 1.8* | (1.0–3.1) | 1.3 | (0.8–2.1) | 1.5 | (0.8–2.8) | 2.3* | (1.1–4.8) | 1.8 | (1.0–3.3) |
| Marital status | ||||||||||
| Unmarried/divorced/ widowed (ref) | ||||||||||
| Married/partnered | 3.0*** | (1.7–5.2) | 1.7* | (1.0–2.8) | 2.3* | (1.2–4.3) | 4.1*** | (1.9–9.0) | 4.7*** | (2.4–9.0) |
| Educational status | ||||||||||
| 1–11 years | ||||||||||
| High school graduate or General Educational Development | 0.6 | (0.4–1.2) | 1.1 | (0.6–1.9) | 0.4* | (0.2–0.8) | 1.0 | (0.5–2.3) | 1.0 | (0.5–2.0) |
| Some college, graduate, or more | 1.0 | (0.5–2.0) | 1.3 | (0.7–2.3) | 0.6 | (0.3–1.3) | 1.4 | (0.6–3.5) | 1.0 | (0.5–2.0) |
| Count of chronic conditions | 0.7 | (0.3–1.2) | 0.7 | (0.4–1.2) | 0.9 | (0.4–1.8) | 1.1 | (0.5–2.5) | 0.8 | (0.4–1.6) |
| Short Performance Physical Battery2 | 1.1 | (1.0–1.1) | 1.1 | (1.0–1.2) | 1.0 | (0.9–1.1) | 1.0 | (0.9–1.2) | 1.0 | (1.0–1.1) |
| Depression3 | ||||||||||
| Score <16 (ref) | ||||||||||
| Score ≥16 | 0.4** | (0.2–0.8) | 0.6 | (0.3–1.0) | 0.5 | (0.2–1.0) | 0.4* | (0.2–0.8) | 0.3*** | (0.1–0.6) |
| Chronic pain4 | 0.9 | (0.7–1.1) | 0.9 | (0.8–1.2) | 0.8 | (0.6–1.0) | 0.7* | (0.5–1.0) | 1.0 | (0.7–1.2) |
Note: OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.
There were eight questions for emotional support, four each for tangible and positive interaction, and three for affectionate. Respondents indicated how often each type of support was available to them when they needed it. Those who responded ‘none of,’ ‘a little of,’ or ‘some of the time’ were considered to have low levels of social support. Those who responded ‘most of’ or ‘all of the time’ were considered to have high levels of social support.
Scored 1–12, high scores indicate greater functioning.
Established cutoff for clinically significant depressive symptoms is ≥16.
Scored 0–4, high scores indicate more pain.
p < .05;
p < .01;
p < .001.