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A schematic depicting the method of detection for promoter opening during transcription initiation using magnetic tweezers. Prior to a measurement, the DNA molecule was either (−) or (+) supercoiled under a small and constant force. Promoter opening by an RNAP increased or decreased the DNA extension for the (−) or (+) supercoiled DNA respectively. Adapted from (Revyakin et al. 2004) with permission
