Official websites use .gov
A
.gov website belongs to an official
government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you've safely
connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive
information only on official, secure websites.
Causal diagrams that represent three possible relationships between smoking, ESRD, and albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) in the Study of Heart and Renal Protection. (A) ACR is an effect mediator on the causal pathway between smoking and ESRD. (B) ACR is a collider on one the paths between smoking and ESRD. (C) ACR is an effect mediator on one path and a collider on another path between smoking and ESRD.
