Table 3.
Risk of hypertension with specific stone disease characteristics
| Variables | No. of Stone Formers Who Developed Hypertension (%) | No. of Stone Formers Who Did Not Develop Hypertension (%) | HR (95% CI)a |
|---|---|---|---|
| Time-dependent variables | |||
| No. of kidney stone events | 1.18 (0.96 to 1.44) | ||
| No. of urologic interventions | 1.10 (0.88 to 1.39) | ||
| Urologic intervention | |||
| Total | 154 | 918 | |
| No urologic intervention | 95 (62) | 652 (66) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Any urologic interventions | 59 (38) | 318 (35) | 1.09 (0.78 to 1.52) |
| Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy | 11 (7) | 40 (4) | 1.58 (0.81 to 2.79) |
| Ureteroscopy | 37 (24) | 218 (24) | 1.06 (0.71 to 1.52) |
| Open or laparoscopic lithotomy | 3 (2) | 23 (3) | 0.78 (0.19 to 2.06) |
| Stenting alone (cystoscopy) | 8 (5) | 39 (4) | 0.84 (0.37 to 1.61) |
| Stone composition | |||
| Total | 154 | 918 | |
| Known stone composition | 67 (44) | 451 (46) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Unknown stone composition | 87 (56) | 531 (54) | 1.10 (0.81 to 1.53) |
| Calcium oxalate stone | 55 (82) | 309 (69) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Calcium phosphate stone | 10 (15) | 128 (28) | 0.95 (0.43 to 1.88) |
| Uric acid stone | 2 (3) | 10 (2) | 0.83 (0.13 to 2.73) |
| Struvite stone | 0 (0) | 3 (0.7) | NAb |
| Others | 0 (0) | 1 (0.3) | NAb |
| Radiographic stone burden | |||
| Total | 144 | 844 | |
| Upper urinary tract dilation | 96 (67) | 600 (71) | 0.85 (0.60 to 1.22) |
| Pelvic or lower pole stone | 28 (19) | 145 (17) | 1.21 (0.78 to 1.80) |
| Focal renal scarring or cortical thinning | 1 (1) | 14 (2) | 0.38 (0.02 to 1.72) |
| Stone size, mm | 0.97 (0.75 to 1.23) | ||
| <4 | 78 (54) | 433 (51) | |
| 4 to <8 | 51 (35) | 319 (38) | |
| ≥8 | 15 (10) | 92 (11) | |
| No. of stones | 1.10 (0.89 to 1.36) | ||
| 0 | 7 (5) | 56 (7) | |
| 1 | 20 (14) | 112 (13) | |
| 2 | 69 (48) | 402 (48) | |
| >2 | 48 (33) | 274 (32) |
HR, hazard ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; NA, not applicable.
a
Adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index.
b
Too few events in the model.