Figure 2.

Adjusted risk difference in the frequency of treatments in the last month of life and site of death for patients with ESRD who have a treatment-limiting directive and/or surrogate decision-maker compared with patients with neither measure. Estimates are adjusted for age, sex, race, duration of dialysis, length of nursing home stay, days in hospital in prior year, dialysis modality, functional status, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, stroke, chronic liver disease, chronic lung disease, cancer, depression, dementia, impaired decision-making skills, and hospital referral region spending quintile in addition to correlation of subjects within nursing home facilities. Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). ICU, intensive care unit.