Table 12.
Selected literature on dGEMRIC in FAI and DDH
| Study | Hips (patients) | Mean age (years) | Surgery, Pathology | Mean followup (years) | Description and results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kim et al. [26], 2003* | 68 (43) | 30 (11–47) | DDH | – | ROIs measured on 4 coronal slices: combined weightbearing cartilage layers; dGEMRIC indices correlated with the lateral center-edge angle (r = 0.52) and the WOMAC pain score (r = −0.50) |
| Cunningham et al. [10], 2006* | Satisfactory: 42 (37) Failure: 10 (10) |
Satisfactory: 27 ± 11 Failure: 29 ± 10 |
PAO, DDH | 2 3.8 | Preoperative scans; ROIs measured on 4 coronal slices: combined weight-bearing cartilage layers; satisfactory group: 498 ± 105 ms, failure group: 370 ± ms; multivariate analysis: dGEMRIC index strongest predictor of early failure after PAO |
| Jessel et al. [21], 2009* | 37 (30) | 25(13–48) | FAI | – | ROIs measured on 4 coronal slices: combined weightbearing cartilage layers; dGEMRIC indices correlated with the WOMAC pain score (r = −0.4) and the alpha angle (r = −0.36) |
| Mamisch et al. [29], 2011 | Control: 12 Cam: 6 Pincer: 7 |
Control: 25 Cam: 33 Pincer: 36 |
Control Cam Pincer |
– | Peripheral and central ROIs measured on 7 radial reformats corresponding to “hour” positions: combined weightbearing cartilage layers; globally lower relative dGEMRIC index in pincer hips than cam hips, which showed relative decrease in peripheral and central anterior cartilage areas |
| Kim et al. [25], 2012* | Satisfactory: 37 (35) Failure: 6 (6) |
Satisfactory: 28 ± 11 Failure: 34 ± 7 |
PAO, DDH |
2.7 (2–3.8) | Preoperative scans; ROIs measured on 4 coronal slices, “anterior” and “posterior” ROI on two to three sagittal slices: combined weightbearing cartilage layers; ROC analysis: sagittal 370 ms dGEMRIC cutoff had a 100% sensitivity and a 95% specificity to predict early failure after PAO |
| Stelzeneder et al. [41], 2012 | FAI: 21 (21) DDH: 19 (19) |
FAI: 31 ± 12 DDH: 27 ± 11 |
FAI, DDH | – | Three-dimensional (3-D) dGEMRIC reformats compared with 3-D morphologic MRI grading of OA; peripheral and central ROIs measured on 6 radial reformats: combined weightbearing cartilage layers; moderate correlation between dGEMRIC and MRI OA indices; in DDH tendency for lower dGEMRIC indices next to cartilage defects |
| Hingsammer et al. [16], 2015 | 37 (37) | 26 ± 9 | PAO, DDH | 37 hips: 1 28 hips: 2 |
Longitudinal: preoperative, 1-, 2-year followup scans; peripheral and central ROIs measured on 5 radial reformats separately for acetabular and femoral cartilage layers; overall dGEMRIC indices decreased from 562 ± 118 to 515 ± 118 and recovered to 529 ± 99; PROMs improved from preoperative to postoperative, morphologic MRI showed no signs OA progression |
| Hingsammer et al. [17], 2015 | 37 (37) | 26 ± 9 | PAO, DDH | 37 hips: 1 28 hips: 2 |
Longitudinal: preoperative, 1-, 2-year followup scans; ROIs measured on 5 radial reformats: superficial and deep acetabular ROIs; overall mean superficial/deep dGEMRIC index (ms) fell from: 480 ± 137 to 409 ± 119 and recovered to 451 ± 115, respectively, from 527 ± 148 to 468 ± 143 and 494 ± 125; 1-year followup dGEMRIC index drop was confined superiorly, partial superior cartilage layer recovery |
| Chandrasekaran et al. [9], 2015* | 48 (42) | 42 ± 13 | Arthroscopy, FAI | 2 | Preoperative scans, ROIs measured on coronal slices: combined weightbearing cartilage layers; group 2 (index ≥ 323 ms) greater improvement in PROMs than group 1 (index < 323 ms); no correlation between dGEMRIC and change in PROMs |
| Hingsammer et al. [18], 2015 | 25 (25) | 25 (15– 53) | SHD, FAI | 5.8 (3.4–11.6) | Preoperative scans, ROIs measured on a single sagittal slice: “anterior” and “posterior,” dGEMRIC indices did not predict midterm success |
| Bulat et al. [8], 2016 | 47 (45) | 29 ± 11 | FAI surgery | – | Preoperative scans; peripheral and central ROIs measured on radial reformats in anterior, superior, posterior regions and use of a planar dGEMRIC map; moderate to strong correlation of dGEMRIC index with intraoperative Beck grading |
All studies included 1.5 scanners; *used saturation recovery technique, remaining studies based on three-dimensional dual- flip angle gradient-echo technique; dGEMRIC = delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage; PAO = periacetabular osteotomy; SHD = surgical hip dislocation; FAI = femoroacetabular impingement; DDH = developmental dysplasia of the hip; ROI = region of interest; PROM = patient-reported outcome measures; OA = osteoarthritis.