Table 1.

Invertebrate animal models.

Species	Size (mm)	Behavior	Special equipment for organ isolation	Chance of biohazard	Special handling technique for administration	Route of administration/accuracy of administered dosage	Studies on immunity
Fruitfly (Drosophila melanogaster)	1–3	Adult: fly	Required	High	Required	Oral, injection to dorsal surface, not accurate	Extensive
Grasshopper (Locusta migratoria)	60–80	Jump	Not required	High	Required	–	Little
Honey bee (Apis mellifera)	15–17	Adult: fly	Not required	High	Required	–	Extensive
Waxmoth (Galleria mellonella)	30–40	Larvae: faster than silkworm	Not required	Higher than silkworm, less than others	Not required	Oral, topical, injection to ventral surface/accurate in case of injection	Extensive
		Adult: fly
Silkworm (Bombyx mori)	50–60	Larvae: slow	Not required	Low	Not required	Oral, injection to dorsal surface: intra hemolymph, intra midgut/accurate in the case of injection	Extensive
		Adult: don't fly