Table 5.

Impact of Income, Race, and Health Insurance on Perceived Changes in Health Care

	ACA Has Directly Helped vs Hurt Youb, c		Change in Quality of Care Over Past 2 Yearsc		Costs of Health Care Have Become More Affordable Over Past 2 Yearsc
Variablea	US (n = 466)	7 States (n = 3,383)	US (n = 974)	7 States (n = 6,861)	US (n = 961)	7 States (n = 6,821)
Income
<$25,000	.069	.173***	.037	.008	.190**	.157***
$25,001‐$50,000	.082	.054	.036	−.009	−.018	.096***
$50,001‐$100,000	−.113	−.004	−.031	−.036	−.017	.019
>$100,000d	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
	(−.049)	(−.176)	(.069)	(.054)	(−.264)	(−.339)
Not reported	−.350***	.114*	−.100	.036	−.012	.115**
Race
White non‐Latinod	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
	(−.225)	(−.191)	(.013)	(−.020)	(−.307)	(−.343)
Black non‐Latino	.482***	.427***	.236***	.267***	.165**	.319***
Latino	.323***	.142***	.168***	.146***	.100	.209***
Other	.183*	.143**	−.044	−.032	−.018	.068
Insurance
Medicaid	.467***	.326***	.095	.126**	.284***	.246***
Employer‐based	.026	−.010	−.014	.071*	−.030	.029
Medicare	.016	.153**	−.109	.111**	.037	.196***
Marketplace	.215	.599***	.001	.120	.163	.197*
Other coverage	.164	.113	−.037	.042	.094	.164***
Uninsuredd	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
	(−.179)	(−.198)	(.090)	(−.040)	(−.312)	(−.363)

^aRegressions adjust for income, race, insurance, education, age, sex, health status, and state of residence.

^bQuestion was only asked of half the survey sample.

^cAll questions were rated on a 3‐point scale (Yes/Better, No Effect/No Change, or No/Worse), with positive numbers indicating better outcomes.

^dAdjusted mean for each reference group is listed in parentheses, using the Stata “margins” command.

*P<.10, **P<.05, ***P<.01.