Table 1.

Final list of pain behaviors extracted from pediatric observational pain scales that loaded on factor 1, which we labeled as the “Controlled” factor.

Pain behavior	Factor 1	Factor 2	Factor 3	Factor 4
Taking medication when he/she normally refuses	.626	−.153	.064	.069
Seeking physical comfort or closeness	.613	−.008	−.098	.335
Pulling head away	.442	.222	.161	−.017
Lying very still	.601	−.068	.010	.280
Screaming	.492	.266	.115	−.027
Shifting torso	.484	.081	.283	.047
Making aggressive physical contact	.738	.156	.014	.206
Resisting being moved	.701	−.097	.121	.180
Cursing	.694	.006	.087	−.055
Raising voice	.689	.210	.072	.046
Asking for help	.689	−.104	−.094	.083
Complaining of pain	.548	.009	−.045	.168
Self-harming	.486	−.156	.045	−.046
Angry verbalizations	.650	−.066	.203	−.014
Whining	.617	.069	.274	−.099
Quiet	.490	−.037	.202	.182
Kicking	.692	−.016	.218	−.114
Resistant	.604	−.119	.292	.091