Table 2.
Studies of infection sources in which the genotype of isolates matched between household environmental and clinical specimens.
| Region | Country (dates) | Environmental sources | No of patients | Clinical disease | Clinical samples | Genotyping | Rate of matching | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| East Asia | Japan (2007.1–2011.9) | Soil in pot and in yard | 100 | Pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease | Sputa | Variable numbers of tandem repeats |
M. avium 7.5% (5/67) M. intracellurare 3.0% (1/33) |
(41) |
| Japan (2005.1–2007.7) | Bathrooms Bathtub inlet |
29 | Pulmonary MAC disease | Sputa | Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) |
M. avium 24.1% (7/29) |
(42) | |
| Japan (2004) | Bathrooms Bathtub water |
49 | Pulmonary MAC disease | Sputa | PFGE, restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) |
M. avium 4.1% (2/49) |
(43) | |
| Oceania | Australia | Bathrooms Tap water Aerosol from shower water |
20 | Pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) disease | Respiratory samples | Repetitive element palindromic PCR (Rep PCR) | NTM 20% (4/20) Mycobacterium abscessus (2) Mycobacterium kansasii (1) M. lentiflavum (1) 20% (4/20) |
(44) |
| North America | USA (2001–2011) | Tap water Filter |
8 | Chronic NTM rhinosinusitis | Sinus cavity samples | PFGE, rep PCR |
M. avium 37.5% (3/8) |
(49) |
| USA | Shower water Tap water |
31 | NTM infection | Rep PCR | NTM 22.6% (7/31) |
(50) | ||
| USA | Tap water | 27 | M. avium disease | Respiratory and other sites | PFGE |
M. avium 3.7% (1/27) |
(75) | |
| USA, Canada | Aerosol from potting soil | 26 | Pulmonary NTM disease | Respiratory samples | PFGE |
M. avium 3.8% (1/26) |
(52) | |
| Europe | Czech Republic | Soil in yard | 2 | M. avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH) cervical lymphadenitis | Surgical excision-tissues | IS1245 RFLP | MAH 50% (1/2) |
(57) |