Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and outcomes
| Characteristics | Non-AKI (n = 758) | AKI (n = 326) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic variables | |||
| Age, years | 52.0 (41.0–62.0) | 62.1 (47.4–73.0) | <0.001 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 393 (51.8) | 197 (60.4) | 0.009 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.2 (21.6–23.1) | 22.4 (21.8–23.3) | 0.324 |
| Preexisting clinical conditions | |||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 117 (15.4) | 115 (35.3) | <0.001 |
| DM, n (%) | 42 (5.5) | 51 (15.6) | <0.001 |
| CKD, n (%) | 16 (2.1) | 44 (13.5) | <0.001 |
| Chronic liver disease, n (%) | 10 (1.3) | 19 (5.8) | <0.001 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 80 (10.6) | 73 (22.4) | <0.001 |
| COPD, n (%) | 16 (2.1) | 14 (4.3) | 0.044 |
| CAD, n (%) | 20 (2.6) | 32 (9.8) | <0.001 |
| HF, n (%) | 13 (1.7) | 30 (9.2) | <0.001 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 79 (10.4) | 52 (16.0) | 0.01 |
| Thyroid disease, n (%) | 23 (3.0) | 14 (4.3) | 0.295 |
| Sepsis, n (%) | 149 (19.7) | 179 (54.9) | <0.001 |
| Admission type, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Elective surgical, n (%) | 555 (73.2) | 110 (33.7) | |
| Emergency surgical, n (%) | 88 (11.6) | 68 (20.9) | |
| Medical, n (%) | 115 (15.2) | 148 (45.4) | |
| Baseline serum creatinine, mg/dl | 0.69 (0.58–0.83) | 0.74 (0.57–0.95) | 0.018 |
| Baseline eGFR, ml/minute/1.73 m2 | 110.20 (94.40–133.60) | 105.60 (77.15–141.70) | 0.033 |
| Serum creatinine at admission, mg/dl | 0.77 (0.64–0.92) | 1.07 (0.82–1.45) | <0.001 |
| APACHE II score | 10 (8–14) | 17 (11–26) | <0.001 |
| UP, ml/kg/h | 1.99 (1.48–2.62) | 1.76 (1.08–2.46) | <0.001 |
| Outcomes | |||
| Length of ICU stay, days | 3 (2–4) | 5 (3–10) | <0.001 |
| Length of hospital stay, days | 12 (8–16) | 14 (9–23) | <0.001 |
| RRT during ICU stay, n (%) | 4 (0.5) | 20 (6.1) | <0.001 |
| ICU mortality, n (%) | 20 (2.6) | 46 (14.1) | <0.001 |
| In-hospital mortality, n (%) | 28 (3.7) | 51 (15.6) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: AKI Acute kidney injury; BMI Body mass index; DM Diabetes mellitus; CAD, Coronary artery disease; COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HF, Heart failure; CKD, Chronic kidney disease, defined as baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/minute/1.73 m2; eGFR, Estimated glomerular filtration rate; APACHE, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; UP, Urine production first 24 h after admission; ICU, Intensive care unit; RRT, Renal replacement therapy
The nonnormally distributed continuous variables are expressed as median (25th percentile to 75th percentile IQR). Categorical variables are expressed as n (%)