Table 3.

Main characteristics of clinical studies

Author	Participants					Intervention					Control	Primary outcome
	Inclusion criteria	n	SOFA	Basline MAP	Baseline lactate	Dynamic test	Monitor	Parameter measured	Cutoff	Treatment
Kuan35	Age ≥21, two SIRS criteria, suspected infection and lactate ≥ 3 mmol/L	122	3.4 ± 2.6*	88 ± 18*	4.8 ± 2*	PLR	Bioreactance	∆SVI	10%	500 mL bolus	Standard care (target MAP > =65)	Rate of lactate clearance >20% at 3 h
									20%	1 L bolus
Hou36	Age ≥18, two SIRS criteria, lactate ≥2 mmol/L and < 4 mmol/L and 4 h from ED presentation	64	1.1 ± 1.5*	92*	2.6 ± 0.4*	Fluid bolus (5 ml/kg over 10 min)	Bioreactance	∆SV (within 5 min of the fluid bolus)	10%	1 L infusion	Standard care	Worsening SOFA score by > =1 point over the first 72 h
Coen37	Age ≥18, Septic shock or Lactate >4 mmol/L	51	7.1 ± 2.9	60 ± 13	4.6 ± 3.3	Spontaneous breathing	Ultrasound	Caval index	30%	500 mL bolus	N/A	N/A

*Combined from treatment and control groups estimates

SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment; MAP, mean arterial pressure; PLR, passive leg raise; SVI, stroke volume index; SV, stroke volume