Table 2.
Maternal characteristics of the GUSTO cohort studied in the analysis
| Time point | N (%) | Mean (SD) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | Self-reported at first clinic visit | 906 | 22.7 (4.4) | |
| Gestational weight gain (kg) | 26–28 weeks gestation | 902 | 8.7 (4.7) | |
| Maternal height (m) | 971 | 158.3 (5.6) | ||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 920 | 4.3 (0.5) | ||
| 2-h post-glucose (mmol/L) | 920 | 6.5 (1.5) | ||
| n-6 PUFA (%) | 863 | 34.2 (3.3) | ||
| n-3 PUFA (%) | 863 | 6.4 (1.8) | ||
| MUFA (%) | 863 | 13.6 (2.3) | ||
| SFA (%) | 863 | 45.8 (3.3) | ||
| EPDS score | 955 | 7.4 (4.4) | ||
| STAI state score | 957 | 33.8 (10.0) | ||
| STAI trait score | 957 | 35.7 (9.6) | ||
| Caloric intake 3-day food diary (kcal) | 550 | 1871.2 (476.3) | ||
| Caloric intake 24-h recall (kcal) | 960 | 1843.6 (550.6) | ||
| Parity | >0 | Delivery | 536 (54%) | |
| 0 | 451 (46%) | |||
| Maternal age (years) | ≥35 | Self-reported at first clinic visit | 251 (25%) | |
| <35 | 736 (75%) | |||
| Smoking before pregnancy | Yes | Interviewer-administered questionnaire at 26–28 weeks gestation | 121 (12%) | |
| No | 855 (88%) | |||
| Smoking during pregnancy | Yes | 24 (2%) | ||
| No | 951 (98%) | |||
| Plasma vitamin D | >50 nmol/L | 26–28 weeks gestation | 718 (87%) | |
| ≤50 nmol/L | 108 (13%) | |||
| Plasma folate | ≥6 ng/mL | 774 (90%) | ||
| <6 ng/mL | 90 (10%) | |||
| Plasma vitamin B12 | ≥300 pg/mL | 373 (43%) | ||
| <300 pg/mL | 492 (57%) | |||
| Plasma vitamin B6 | <20 nmol/L | 137 (16%) | ||
| ≥20 nmol/L | 727 (84%) | |||
| Plasma iron | ≥560 μg/L | 403 (92%) | ||
| <560 μg/L | 36 (8%) | |||
| Plasma zinc | ≥700 μg/L | 417 (95%) | ||
| <700 μg/L | 22 (5%) | |||
| Plasma magnesium | ≥18.25 mg/L | 304 (69%) | ||
| <18.25 mg/L | 135 (31%) | |||
| IVF birth | Yes | Self-reported at first clinic visit | 69 (7%) | |
| No | 918 (93%) | |||
| Maternal education (years) | ≥12 | 596 (61%) | ||
| <12 | 379 (39%) | |||
| Working during pregnancy | Yes | Interviewer-administered questionnaire at 26–28 weeks gestation | 681 (70%) | |
| No | 297 (30%) | |||
| Alcohol use before pregnancy | Yes | 338 (35%) | ||
| No | 636 (65%) | |||
| Alcohol use during pregnancy | Yes | 19 (2%) | ||
| No | 938 (98%) | |||
BMI body mass index, EPDS Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, IVF in vitro fertilisation, MUFA monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids, SFA saturated fatty acids, STAI State–Trait Anxiety Inventory