Table 1.
Comparison of serum progesterone levels and maternal characteristics at baseline by pregnancy status at 16 weeks gestation for Pilot and Validation cohorts
| Maternal characteristics | Ongoing pregnancy at 16 weeks gestation | Spontaneous miscarriage at or before 16 weeks gestation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pilot Cohort (N = 89) |
Validation Cohort (N = 276) | p value | Pilot Cohort (N = 30) |
Validation Cohort (N = 70) | p value | |
| Serum biological markers | ||||||
| Progesterone, mean ± SD (nmol/L) | 59.8 ± 23.5 | 60.3 ± 22.7 | 0.848 | 26.4 ± 17.1 | 31.4 ± 20.1 | 0.237 |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, mean ± SD (years) | 29.3 ± 4.83 | 30.3 ± 4.10 | 0.0769 | 31.3 ± 4.73 | 31.6 ± 5.22 | 0.774 |
| Age of spouse, mean ± SD (years) | 32.9 ± 5.43 | 33.1 ± 5.96 | 0.772 | 33.9 ± 5.10 | 34.6 ± 6.38 | 0.628 |
| Race | ||||||
| Chinese (%) | 53.9 | 52.0 | 0.271 | 53.3 | 38.6 | 0.396 |
| Malay (%) | 19.1 | 25.5 | 16.7 | 31.4 | ||
| Indian (%) | 16.9 | 10.2 | 16.7 | 14.3 | ||
| Others (%) | 10.1 | 12.4 | 13.3 | 15.7 | ||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 92.1 | 94.6 | 0.444 | 90.0 | 97.1 | 0.158 |
| Single | 7.87 | 5.45 | 10.0 | 2.86 | ||
| Highest educational level | ||||||
| University degree (%) | 42.7 | 39.3 | 0.179 | 46.7 | 42.9 | 0.724 |
| ITE or polytechnic (%) | 30.3 | 40.4 | 36.7 | 32.9 | ||
| Primary and secondary (%) | 27.0 | 20.4 | 16.7 | 24.3 | ||
| Health, obstetric and lifestyle factors | ||||||
| Planned Pregnancy (%) | 59.6 | 58.2 | 0.902 | 63.3 | 44.3 | 0.126 |
| Gestation age at recruitment, mean (wks) | 7.49 ± 1.43 | 7.48 ± 1.47 | 0.968 | 6.89 ± 1.30 | 6.63 ± 1.06 | 0.311 |
| Fetal pole present (%) | 93.3 | 100 | 0.0002 | 50.0 | 100 | <0.0001 |
| Fetal heart present (%) | 87.6 | 95.6 | 0.011 | 30.0 | 70.0 | 0.0003 |
| Number of children | ||||||
| None (%) | 55.1 | 45.5 | 0.143 | 43.3 | 32.9 | 0.367 |
| 1 or more (%) | 44.9 | 54.6 | 56.7 | 67.1 | ||
| Previous miscarriage (%) | 20.2 | 24.0 | 0.563 | 20.0 | 22.9 | 1.000 |
| BMI, mean ± SD (kg/m2) | 23.7 ± 5.09 | 22.9 ± 4.29 | 0.204 | 22.1 ± 3.81 | 23.6 ± 4.81 | 0.0903 |
| Medical comorbidities | ||||||
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 0 | 0.360 | 1.000 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 |
| Hypertension (%) | 0 | 0 | 1.000 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 |
| Thyroid disease (%) | 1.12 | 1.09 | 1.000 | 0 | 1.43 | 1.000 |
| Gynecological disease (%) | 12.4 | 12.0 | 1.000 | 0 | 10 | 0.0991 |
| Smoking during pregnancy (%) | 3.37 | 5.45 | 0.579 | 0 | 5.71 | 0.313 |
| Exposed second hand smoke at home (%) | 40.5 | 44.7 | 0.539 | 30 | 38.6 | 0.498 |
| Alcohol during pregnancy (%) | 1.12 | 0.72 | 1.000 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 |
| Nausea during pregnancy (%) | 70.8 | 77.5 | 0.203 | 40 | 55.7 | 0.192 |
Entries in boldface were used to show that these variables were significantly related to different or associated with spontaneous miscarriage
SD standard deviation, CRL crown-rump length, BMI maternal body mass index