Table III.

The characteristics and outcomes of the included human studies

First author, year (reference) country	Design	Participants (Treatment Group)	Mean participants characteristics and age (year)	Exclusion criteria	Other participant demographics and comments
Topo et al. 2009 (40) Italy	Placebo-controlled, parallel clinical trial	43 (23)	IVF (in vitro fertilization) patients (27-37)	No information given	Healthy sedentary
Willoughby et al. 2013 (49) USA	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel clinical trial	20 (10)	Resistance trained men (resistance training for 1 year before the study) (22.8 ±4.67)	Consumption any nutritional supplements (excluding multivitamin) such as creatine monohydrate, nitric oxide-stimulating, hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, or pharmacologic agents such as anabolic steroids 3 months before the study	Height, total body mass, all participants passed a mandatory medical screening
Bloomer et al. 2015 (50) USA	Parallel clinical trial	5 (One Serving) 5 (Two Servings)	Physically active men 40.8±1.0 (One Serving) 43.4±4.2 (Two Servings)	Smokers, history of cardiovascular or metabolic disease (including hypertension), using hormonal replacement or dietary supplements designed to increase hormone production	Age, height, body, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference
Melville et al. 2015 (51) Australia	Randomize, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel clinical trial	24 (8) two groups	Resistance-trained men (minimum of two years’ experience in resistance training) (24.5 ± 3.2)	Acute or chronic medical conditions, consume any ergogenic or testosterone booting supplements	Training age, height, body mass, 1 RM bench