Table 2.
Inhibition of the animal models of lung inflammation by plant constituents
| Constituent | Class | Plant origin | Doses (mg/kg)a) | Inflammagen usedb) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acteoside (1) | Phenylethanoid | Rehmannia glutinosa | 30–60 (i.p.) | LPS (i.t.) | Jing et al. (2015) |
| Afzelin (2), hyperoside (3), quercitrin (4) | Flavonoid | Houttuynia cordata | 100, 100, 100 | LPS | Lee et al. (2015b) |
| Alpinetin (5) | Flavonoid | Alpinia katsumadai | 50 (i.p.) | LPS (i.t.) | Huo et al. (2012) |
| Andrographolide (6) | Diterpene | Andrographis paniculata | 1/day (i.p.) | Cigarette smoke | Yang et al. (2013) |
| Apigenin-7-glucoside (7) | Flavonoid | c) | 2.5–10 (i.p.) | LPS (i.t.) | Li et al. (2015) |
| Apocynin (8) | Phenol | Picrorhiza kurroa | 0.002–0.2/ml | LPS (hamster) | Stolk et al. (1994) |
| Asperuloside (9) | Iridoid | 20–80 (i.p.) | LPS | Qiu et al. (2016) | |
| Baicalein (10) | Flavonoid | Scutellaria baicalensis | 20 (i.p.) | LPS (i.t.) (rat) | Tsai et al. (2014) |
| Baicalin (11) | Flavonoid | Scutellaria baicalensis | 25–100/day | Cigarette smoke | Li et al. (2012a) |
| Baicalin (11) | Flavonoid | Scutellaria baicalensis | 20 | LPS (i.t.) (rat) | Huang et al. (2008) |
| Berberine (12) | Alkaloid | 5–10/day (i.p.) | Cigarette smoke | Xu et al. (2015) | |
| Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (13) | Phenol | Honey-bee propolis | 10 μmol/kg/day | Cigarette smoke (rabbit) | Sezer et al. (2007) |
| Cannabidiol (14) | Cannabinoid | Cannabis sativa | 20 | LPS | Ribeiro et al. (2012) |
| Carvacrol (15) | Monoterpene | Plectranthus amboinicus | 20–80 (i.p.) | LPS | Feng and Jia (2014) |
| Cepharanthine (16) | Alkaloid | Stephania cepharantha Hayata | 5 (i.p.) | LPS | Huang et al. (2014b) |
| Columbianadin (17) | Coumarin | Angelica decursiva | 20–60 | LPS | Lim et al. (2014) |
| p-cymene (18) | Monoterpene | 25–100 (i.p.) | LPS (i.t.) | Xie et al. (2012) | |
| Ellagic Acid (19) | Phenol | 10 | Acid | Cornélio Favarin et al. (2013) | |
| Ergosterol (20) | Sterol | Scleroderma polyrhizum Pers. | 25–50 | LPS | Zhang et al. (2015) |
| Eriodictyol (21) | Flavonoid | Dracocephalum rupestre | 30/day | LPS | Zhu et al. (2015) |
| Esculentoside A (22) | Saponin | Phytolacca esculenta | 15–60 | LPS | Zhong et al. (2013a) |
| Esculin (23) | Coumarin | 20–40 | LPS (i.t.) | Tianzhu and Shumin (2015) | |
| Flavone (24), fisetin (25), tricetin (26) | Flavonoid | 22.2, 28.6, 30.2 | LPS (i.t.) | Geraets et al. (2009) | |
| Gossypol (27) | Sesquiterpene | 15 (i.p.) | LPS | Huo et al. (2013b) | |
| Hesperidin (28) | Flavonoid | 200 | LPS (i.t.) | Yeh et al. (2007a) | |
| Imperatorin (29) | Coumarin | 15–30 | LPS | Sun et al. (2012) | |
| Limonene (30) | Monoterpene | 25–75 (i.p.) | LPS (i.t.) | Chi et al. (2013) | |
| Linalool (31) | Monoterpene | Aromatic plant | 25 (i.p.) | LPS | Huo et al. (2013a) |
| Linalool (31) | Monoterpene | Aromatic plant | 10–40 (i.p). | Cigarette smoke | Ma et al. (2015b) |
| Luteolin (32) | Flavonoid | Lonicera japonica | 70 μmol/kg (i.p.) | LPS (i.t.) | Lee et al. (2010) |
| Mangiferin (33) | Xanthone | Mangifera indica L. | 450–4,050/day | LPS | Wang et al. (2015) |
| Methyl protodioscin (34) | Steroidal saponin | Asparagus cochinchinensis | 30–60 | LPS | Lee et al. (2015c) |
| Mogroside V (35) | Triterpene saponin | Momordica grosvenori | 2.5–10 | LPS | Shi et al. (2014) |
| Moracin M (36) | 2-arylbenzofuran | Morus alba | 20–60 | LPS | Lee et al. (2016) |
| Morin (37) | Flavonoid | 20–40 | LPS | Tianzhu et al. (2014) | |
| Naringin (38) | Flavonoid | 20–80/day | Cigarette smoke (rat) | Nie et al. (2012) | |
| Paeonol (39) | Phenol | Paeonia suffruticosa | 10/day | Cigarette smoke | Liu et al. (2014b) |
| Patchouli alcohol (40) | Sesquiterpene | Pogostemon cablin | 10–40 (i.p.) | LPS | Yu et al. (2015) |
| Phillyrin (41) | Lignan | Forsythia suspensa | 10–20 | LPS | Zhong et al. (2013b) |
| Picroside Ii (42) | Iridoid | Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora | 0.5–1 (i.t.) | LPS (i.t.) | Noh et al. (2015) |
| Pinocembrin (43) | Flavonoid | Alpinia katsumadai | 20–50 (i.p.) | LPS | Soromou et al. (2012) |
| Platycodin D (44) | Triterpenoid saponin | Platycodon grandiflorum | 50–100 | LPS (i.t.) | Tao et al. (2015) |
| Prime-O-glucosylcimifugin (45) | Chromone | Saposhnikovia divaricata | 2.5–10 (i.p.) | LPS | Chen et al. (2013) |
| Protocatechuic acid (46) | Benzoic acid | 30 (i.p.) | LPS | Wei et al. (2012) | |
| Quercetin (47) | Flavonoid | 10/day | LPS/elastase | Ganesan et al. (2010) | |
| Quercetin (47) | Flavonoid | 25–30/day (i.p.) | Cigarette smoke (rat) | Yang et al. (2012) | |
| Resveratrol (48) | Stilbene | LPS | Donnelly et al. (2004) | ||
| Resveratrol (48) | Stilbene | 1–3/day | Cigarette smoke (3 days) | Liu et al. (2014a) | |
| Sakuranetin (49) | Flavonoid | Baccharis retusa | 20 (i.n.) | Elastase-induced emphysema | Taguchi et al. (2015) |
| Schaftoside (50), vitexin (51) | Flavonoid | Eleusine indica | 0.4, 0.4 (i.p.) | LPS | De Melo et al. (2005) |
| Shikonin (52) | Naphthoquinone | Lithospermum erythrorhizon | 12.5–50 | LPS (i.t.) | Bai et al. (2013) |
| Schisantherin A (53) | Lignan | Schisandra sphenanthera | 10–40 | LPS | Zhou et al. (2014) |
| Stevioside (54) | Diterpene | Stevia rebaudiana | 12.5–50 | LPS | Yingkun et al. (2013) |
| Taraxasterol (55) | Triterpene | Taraxacum officinale | 2.5–10 (i.p.) | LPS | San et al. (2014) |
| Tectorigenin (56) | Flavonoid | Belamcanda chinensis | 5–10 (i.v.) | LPS (i.t.) | Ma et al. (2014) |
| Triptolide (57) | Diterpene | Tripterygium wilfordii | 0.005–0.015 | LPS | Wei and Huang (2014) |
| Usnic acid (58) | Dibenzofuran | Lichen species | 25–100/day | LPS | Su et al. (2014) |
| Zingerone (59) | Phenol | 10–40 | LPS | Xie et al. (2014) |
a)
All compounds were orally administered unless otherwise stated.
b)
Mice were used as experimental animals unless otherwise indicated. Administration route of inflammagens was intranasal. Intratracheal route (i.t.) was indicated. Cigarette smoke was administered by inhalation route.
c)
Constituents from commercial sources were purchased or could be isolated from various plant sources.