Table 2. Factors associated with permanent LTFU, defined as no clinic visit for 180 days, among all patients under follow-up.
| Events | / | pys | Rate per 100 pys (95% CI) | Univariate | Multivariate | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| SHR | 95% CI | p value | SHR | 95% CI | p value | |||||
| 743 | / | 26217 | 2.83 (2.64, 3.05) | |||||||
|
| ||||||||||
| Year of ART Initiation | 0.595 | 0.746 | ||||||||
| 2003-2005 | 67 | / | 4531 | 1.48 (1.16, 1.88) | 0.74 | (0.57, 0.96) | 0.023 | 0.73 | (0.56, 0.95) | 0.021 |
| 2006-2009 | 396 | / | 12734 | 3.11 (2.82, 3.43) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 2010-2013 | 280 | / | 8952 | 3.13 (2.78, 3.52) | 0.90 | (0.77, 1.07) | 0.231 | 0.83 | (0.69, 0.99) | 0.034 |
|
| ||||||||||
| Age at ART initiation (years) | 0.005 | 0.003 | ||||||||
| ≤30 | 245 | / | 6694 | 3.66 (3.23, 4.15) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 31-40 | 255 | / | 10721 | 2.38 (2.10, 2.69) | 0.67 | (0.56, 0.80) | <0.001 | 0.67 | (0.56, 0.80) | <0.001 |
| 41-50 | 150 | / | 5548 | 2.70 (2.30, 3.17) | 0.73 | (0.59, 0.91) | 0.004 | 0.72 | (0.58, 0.89) | 0.002 |
| 51+ | 93 | / | 3254 | 2.86 (2.33, 3.50) | 0.71 | (0.55, 0.92) | 0.008 | 0.69 | (0.53, 0.90) | 0.007 |
|
| ||||||||||
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Male | 503 | / | 18147 | 2.77 (2.54, 3.02) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Female | 240 | / | 8070 | 2.97 (2.62, 3.38) | 1.05 | (0.89, 1.25) | 0.546 | 1.13 | (0.94, 1.36) | 0.186 |
|
| ||||||||||
| Mode of HIV Exposure | <0.001 | 0.005 | ||||||||
| Heterosexual contact | 503 | / | 18139 | 2.77 (2.54, 3.03) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Homosexual contact | 106 | / | 3893 | 2.72 (2.25, 3.29) | 1.21 | (0.95, 1.54) | 0.130 | 1.36 | (1.05, 1.76) | 0.021 |
| Injecting drug use | 65 | / | 1786 | 3.64 (2.85, 4.64) | 1.89 | (1.41, 2.55) | <0.001 | 1.65 | (1.19, 2.30) | 0.003 |
| Other/unknown | 69 | / | 2400 | 2.88 (2.27, 3.64) | 1.16 | (0.89, 1.52) | 0.269 | 1.11 | (0.85, 1.44) | 0.440 |
|
| ||||||||||
| Time-updated CD4 (cells/μL) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| ≤50 | 117 | / | 1175 | 9.96 (8.31, 11.93) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 51-100 | 61 | / | 1098 | 5.56 (4.32, 7.14) | 0.60 | (0.43, 0.82) | 0.001 | 0.59 | (0.43, 0.82) | 0.001 |
| 101-200 | 144 | / | 3679 | 3.91 (3.32, 4.61) | 0.50 | (0.39, 0.65) | <0.001 | 0.48 | (0.37, 0.62) | <0.001 |
| 201+ | 369 | / | 16883 | 2.19 (1.97, 2.42) | 0.34 | (0.27, 0.44) | <0.001 | 0.32 | (0.25, 0.41) | <0.001 |
| Not tested | 52 | / | 3382 | 1.54 (1.17, 2.02) | 0.21 | (0.15, 0.30) | <0.001 | 0.19 | (0.14, 0.28) | <0.001 |
|
| ||||||||||
| Time-updated HIV viral load (copies/mL) | ||||||||||
| ≤100000 | 177 | / | 8500 | 2.08 (1.80, 2.41) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| >100000 | 14 | / | 462 | 3.03 (1.80, 5.12) | 0.83 | (0.47, 1.48) | 0.535 | 0.58 | (0.32, 1.05) | 0.072 |
| Not tested | 552 | / | 17256 | 3.20 (2.94, 3.48) | 0.96 | (0.78, 1.18) | 0.699 | 0.84 | (0.67, 1.04) | 0.114 |
|
| ||||||||||
| First ART regimen | 0.333 | 0.390 | ||||||||
| NRTI+NNRTI | 700 | / | 23879 | 2.93 (2.72, 3.16) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| NRTI+PI | 41 | / | 2127 | 1.93 (1.42, 2.62) | 1.01 | (0.70, 1.46) | 0.965 | 1.03 | (0.71, 1.49) | 0.873 |
| Other | 2 | / | 211 | 0.95 (0.24, 3.8) | 0.36 | (0.09, 1.40) | 0.140 | 0.38 | (0.10, 1.55) | 0.178 |
|
| ||||||||||
| Hepatitis B co-infection | 0.170 | |||||||||
| Negative | 519 | / | 20693 | 2.51 (2.3, 2.73) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Positive | 59 | / | 2362 | 2.50 (1.94, 3.22) | 1.04 | (0.80, 1.37) | 0.755 | 1.01 | (0.77, 1.33) | 0.936 |
| Not tested | 165 | / | 3162 | 5.22 (4.48, 6.08) | 1.89 | (1.53, 2.34) | <0.001 | 1.43 | (0.99, 2.08) | 0.060 |
|
| ||||||||||
| Hepatitis C co-infection | 0.002 | |||||||||
| Negative | 499 | / | 20472 | 2.44 (2.23, 2.66) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Positive | 73 | / | 2364 | 3.09 (2.46, 3.88) | 1.79 | (1.39, 2.31) | <0.001 | 1.54 | (1.16, 2.05) | 0.003 |
| Not tested | 171 | / | 3382 | 5.06 (4.35, 5.87) | 2.00 | (1.62, 2.46) | <0.001 | 1.50 | (1.04, 2.18) | 0.030 |
|
| ||||||||||
| Clinical Site | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Cambodia | 323 | / | 9706 | 3.33 (2.98, 3.71) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Hong Kong | 14 | / | 3110 | 0.45 (0.27, 0.76) | 0.14 | (0.08, 0.23) | <0.001 | 0.11 | (0.06, 0.20) | <0.001 |
| Indonesia | 114 | / | 3128 | 3.64 (3.03, 4.38) | 1.02 | (0.82, 1.27) | 0.848 | 0.53 | (0.40, 0.70) | <0.001 |
| Singapore | 222 | / | 5485 | 4.05 (3.55, 4.62) | 1.06 | (0.89, 1.27) | 0.480 | 1.00 | (0.78, 1.27) | 0.975 |
| Vietnam (Site 1) | 4 | / | 1533 | 0.26 (0.10, 0.70) | 0.06 | (0.02, 0.15) | <0.001 | 0.04 | (0.01, 0.11) | <0.001 |
| Vietnam (Site 2) | 29 | / | 1274 | 2.28 (1.58, 3.28) | 0.45 | (0.30, 0.66) | <0.001 | 0.29 | (0.18, 0.45) | <0.001 |
| South Korea | 37 | / | 1980 | 1.87 (1.35, 2.58) | 0.64 | (0.45, 0.90) | 0.009 | 0.56 | (0.35, 0.89) | 0.013 |
ˆ
Global p-values are test for linear trend while all other global p-values are test for heterogeneity.
Note that global p-value test was not conducted if there were only two categories when using test for heterogeneity or three categories where one was ‘Not tested’ when using test for linear trend.
1
Multivariate model was adjusted for year of ART initiation, age at ART initiation, sex, mode of HIV exposure, time-updated CD4 count, time-updated HIV viral load, first ART regimen, hepatitis B co-infection, hepatitis C co-infection and clinical site.
2
NRTI = nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor.
3
NNRTI = nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor.
4
PI = protease inhibitor.
5
Includes all other antiretroviral drug regimen combinations.