Table 1.
Studies describing immune responses to vaccination with metallic nanoparticles, listed by NPs material and year of publication (n = 18 studies).
| NP material | Complementary adjuvant | Animal model (route of vaccination) | Evaluation of immunogenicity | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gold | C57BL/6 (H-2b) and BALB/c (H-2d) mice used for protection experiments (intraperitoneal) | CD4+, IL-2+, and duration and avidity of total immunoglobulin G (IgG) (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG2c) | Kaba et al. (14) | |
| BALB/c mice (intraperitoneal and subcutaneous) | IgG (total) | Chen et al. (15) | ||
| Alum, CFA/IFA | BALB/c mice (subcutaneous) | IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3 | Parween et al. (16) | |
| Albino mice and rabbits (intraperitoneal) | IgG, circulant IFN-γ, and ROS in vivo generation by peritoneal macrophages | Staroverov et al. (17) | ||
| Alhydrogel | BALB/c mice (intramuscular) | IgG1 and IgG2a titer, CD4 and CD8 activation, and IFN-γ release | Gregory et al. (12) | |
| C57BL/6 (H-2b) and BALB/c (H-2d) mice used for protection experiments (intramuscular/intraperitoneal) | Total IgG, IgM and IgA titer and avidity, and CD8+ memory population (effector, central, and long-term central) | Kaba et al. (18) | ||
| C57BL/6 mice (intramuscular/intraperitoneal) | IgG1, IgG2c, IgG3, and IgE titers | Mccoy et al. (19) | ||
| C3H/HeNJc1 mice (intraperitoneal) | IgG | Niikura et al. (20) | ||
| CpG/DNA (TLR9 agonist) | BALB/c mice (intranasal) | IgG1 and IgG2a | Tao et al. (21) | |
| Asparagus racemosus extract | Swiss albino mice (oral) | Serum IgG, serum IgA, intestinal IgA, and fecal IgA | Barhate et al. (22) | |
| LPS (TLR4 agonist) | BALB/c mice (intranasal) | IgG1 and IgG2a | Gregory et al. (12) | |
| LPS (TRL4 agonist) | Rhesus macaques (subcutaneous) | IgG | Torres et al. (13) | |
| Advax™ adjuvant | BALB/c mice (intraperitoneal and intravenous) | T-helper 1, CD8+, and NK cells | Rodriguez-Del Rio et al. (23) | |
| BALB/c mice (subcutaneous) | IgG (total) | Dakterzada et al. (24) | ||
| Iron | SW mice (intraperitoneal, intramuscular, and subcutaneous), Aotus lemurinus trivirgatus monkeys (intramuscular) | Total Ab response, IFN-γ, and IL-4 (mice) and total Ab response (monkeys) | Pusic et al. (25) | |
| Nickel | BALB/c mice (subcutaneous) | IgG response | Fischer et al. (26) | |
| BALB/c mice (subcutaneous) | IgG1 and IgG2a serum titer and IL-12/p40 and RANTES/CCL5 serum concentration | Wadhwa et al. (27) | ||
| BALB/c mice (subcutaneous) | Specific serum IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a Ab titers and IFN-γ (splenocytes) | Yan et al. (28) |
Ab, antibody; Alum, aluminum salts; CFA, complete Freund adjuvant; IFA, incomplete Freund adjuvant; IFN, interferon; Ig, immunoglobulin; IL, interleukin; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; NK, natural killer; NP, nanoparticle; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SW, Swiss Webster mouse; Th, T-helper; TLR, Toll-like receptor.