Table 2.
Univariate analysis of factors affecting mortality n (%)
| Survived (n = 19124) | Died (n = 404) | Overall (n = 19528) | P value | |
| Age in years (IQR) | 9 (4, 15) | 8 (3, 15) | 9 (4, 15) | 0.2997 |
| Gender | 0.0679 | |||
| Female | 8864 (46.35) | 202 (50) | 9066 (46.43) | |
| Male | 10460 (54.70) | 202 (50) | 10662 (54.60) | |
| Race | 0.0005 | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 10036 (52.48) | 168 (41.58) | 10204 (52.25) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 3358 (17.56) | 79 (19.55) | 3437 (17.60) | |
| Hispanic | 3646 (19.07) | 93 (23.02) | 3739 (19.15) | |
| Asian | 565 (2.95) | 18 (4.46) | 583 (2.99) | |
| Other | 1156 (6.04) | 35 (8.66) | 1191 (6.10) | |
| Unknown | 363 (1.90) | 11 (2.72) | 374 (1.92) | |
| Urban/rural | 0.2524 | |||
| Urban | 16324 (85.36) | 336 (83.17) | 16660 (85.31) | |
| Rural | 2385 (12.47) | 61 (15.10) | 2446 (12.53) | |
| Unknown | 415 (2.17) | 7 (1.73) | 422 (2.16) | |
| Complex chronic conditions | < 0.0001 | |||
| 0 | 9689 (50.66) | 12 (2.97) | 9701 (49.68) | |
| 1-2 | 5825 (30.46) | 95 (23.51) | 5920 (30.32) | |
| ≥ 3 | 3610 (18.88) | 297 (73.51) | 3907 (20.01) | |
| GIH symptoms | ||||
| Hematemesis | 6508 (34.03) | 88 (21.78) | 6596 (33.78) | < 0.0001 |
| Melena | 7899 (41.30) | 102 (25.25) | 8001 (40.97) | < 0.0001 |
| Hypovolemia | 131 (0.69) | 11 (2.72) | 142 (0.73) | 0.0002 |
| GER | 2329 (12.18) | 50 (12.38) | 2379 (12.18) | 0.9653 |
| Pharmaceutical interventions | ||||
| PPI first 24 h | 10234 (53.51) | 277 (68.56) | 10511 (53.83) | < 0.0001 |
| H2RA first 24 h | 3864 (20.20) | 152 (37.62) | 4016 (20.57) | < 0.0001 |
| Erythromycin first 24 h | 480 (2.51) | 30 (7.43) | 510 (2.61) | < 0.0001 |
| Vasopressin first 24 h | 58 (0.30) | 99 (24.50) | 157 (0.80) | < 0.0001 |
| Octreotide first 24 h | 708 (3.70) | 80 (19.80) | 788 (4.04) | < 0.0001 |
| Surgical interventions | ||||
| Laparotomy, exploratory | 54 (0.28) | 13 (3.22) | 67 (0.34) | < 0.0001 |
| Laparotomy, other | 16 (0.08) | 5 (1.24) | 21 (0.11) | < 0.0001 |
| Laparoscopy | 144 (0.75) | 6 (1.49) | 150 (0.77) | 0.1347 |
| EGD | 4569 (23.89) | 52 (12.87) | 4621 (23.66) | < 0.0001 |
| Other endoscopy | 1638 (8.57) | 52 (12.87) | 1690 (8.65) | 0.0031 |
| Transcatheter embolization | 14 (0.07) | 2 (0.50) | 16 (0.08) | 0.0423 |
| Ligation, esophag. varices | 4 (0.02%) | 1 (0.25%) | 5 (0.03) | 0.0993 |
| Ligation, gastric varices | 6 (0.03) | 0 (0.00) | 6 (0.03) | 0.9999 |
| Diagnostic imaging | ||||
| Meckel's Scan day 0-2 | 873 (4.56) | 2 (0.50) | 875 (4.48) | 0.0001 |
| Abdomen CT day 0-2 | 1675 (8.76) | 48 (11.88) | 1723 (8.82) | 0.0356 |
| Abdomen MRI day 0-2 | 212 (1.11) | 2 (0.50) | 214 (1.10) | 0.3340 |
| Arteriography day 0-2 | 163 (0.85) | 5 (1.24) | 168 (0.86) | 0.4031 |
| Packed red blood cell Transfusion | 3361 (17.57) | 241 (59.65) | 3602 (18.45) | < 0.0001 |
| Platelet transfusion | 819 (4.28) | 174 (43.07) | 993 (5.09) | < 0.0001 |
| ICU stay as part of encounter | 2863 (14.97) | 345 (85.40) | 3208 (16.43) | < 0.0001 |
| Chronic liver disease | 536 (2.80) | 35 (8.66) | 571 (2.92) | < 0.0001 |
| GIB Present on admit | 13386 (70.00) | 179 (44.31) | 11084 (56.76) | < 0.0001 |
| Principal Dx GIB | 6708 (35.07) | 25 (6.18) | 6733 (34.48) | < 0.0001 |
| Sepsis | 516 (2.70) | 180 (44.55) | 696 (3.56) | < 0.0001 |
| Shock | 562 (2.94) | 166 (41.09) | 728 (3.73) | < 0.0001 |
| Hospital LOS (IQR) | 3 (1, 6) | 19 (5, 49) | 3 (1, 6) | < 0.0001 |
| Day of EGD | 1 (0, 2) | 3 (1, 14) | 1 (0, 2) | < 0.0001 |
IQR: Interquartile ranges; GER: Gastroesophageal reflux; PPI: Proton pump inhibitors; H2RA: H2-receptor antagonists; CT: Computed tomography; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; GIB: Gastrointestinal bleeding; EGD: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy.