Table 3.
Associations between urinary chemicals and wake-up at night in adults
| No wake-up at night (n = 3225, 58.1%) | Wake-up at night (n = 2331, 42.0%) | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arsenic (n = 1581, μg/L) | ||||
| Total arsenic | 23.5 ± 73.7 | 22.2 ± 51.9 | 1.08 (0.97–1.19) | 0.136 |
| Arsenous acid | 0.9 ± 0.7 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.79 (0.31–2.01) | 0.607 |
| Arsenic acid | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 1.86 (0.99–3.48) | 0.053 |
| Arsenobetaine | 12.7 ± 59.2 | 12.4 ± 41.8 | 1.03 (0.94–1.14) | 0.476 |
| Arsenocholine | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 1.05 (0.68–1.62) | 0.805 |
| Dimethylarsonic acid | 5.8 ± 9.6 | 5.7 ± 7.9 | 1.03 (0.87–1.22) | 0.715 |
| Monomethylarsonic acid | 1.0 ± 1.1 | 1.0 ± 1.2 | 1.08 (0.74–1.56) | 0.681 |
| Trimethylarsine oxide | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 1.51 (1.29–1.76) | <0.001 |
| Phthalate (n = 1488, μg/mL) | ||||
| Mono(carboxyoctyl) | 16.4 ± 111.7 | 16.9 ± 73.2 | 1.00 (0.90–1.13) | 0.936 |
| Mono(carboxynonyl) | 5.5 ± 16.2 | 6.7 ± 31.1 | 0.96 (0.83–1.10) | 0.514 |
| Mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl | 112.0 ± 356.7 | 93.9 ± 235.2 | 0.90 (0.80–1.00) | 0.048 |
| Mono-n-butyl | 48.4 ± 338.5 | 35.0 ± 45.3 | 0.97 (0.85–1.10) | 0.625 |
| Mono(3-carboxypropyl) | 4.3 ± 15.7 | 4.1 ± 10.0 | 1.01 (0.91–1.13) | 0.813 |
| Monoethyl | 433.8 ± 1084.7 | 508.1 ± 1253.9 | 1.04 (0.94–1.14) | 0.432 |
| Mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) | 84.7 ± 308.3 | 75.0 ± 211.9 | 0.91 (0.82–1.01) | 0.086 |
| Mono(2-ethyl)-hexyl | 13.2 ± 71.9 | 10.0 ± 31.4 | 0.94 (0.83–1.07) | 0.330 |
| Monoisobutyl | 26.2 ± 477.4 | 11.1 ± 19.9 | 0.96 (0.84–1.10) | 0.541 |
| Mono-n-methyl | 3.5 ± 12.9 | 5.5 ± 37.7 | 1.05 (0.95–1.16) | 0.290 |
| Monoisononyl | 2.0 ± 8.6 | 1.8 ± 5.5 | 1.15 (0.92–1.44) | 0.193 |
| Mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) | 53.0 ± 199.4 | 45.7 ± 124.5 | 0.91 (0.81–1.02) | 0.096 |
| Monobenzyl | 35.4 ± 542.2 | 17.6 ± 33.3 | 0.96 (0.85–1.09) | 0.508 |
| Monocyclohexyl | 0.5 ± 0.5 | 0.5 ± 1.1 | 1.88 (1.02–3.46) | 0.044 |
| Polyfluoroalkyl compounds (n = 1591, μg/mL) | ||||
| Perfluorooctanoic acid | 4.5 ± 3.3 | 4.5 ± 3.7 | 0.95 (0.74–1.21) | 0.649 |
| Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid | 21.0 ± 15.9 | 22.3 ± 20.9 | 0.99 (0.83–1.20) | 0.947 |
| Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid | 2.6 ± 3.3 | 2.4 ± 2.6 | 0.99 (0.89–1.10) | 0.864 |
| 2-(N-ethyl-PFOSA) acetate | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 1.50 (1.08–2.09) | 0.020 |
| 2-(N-methyl-PFOSA) acetate | 0.6 ± 0.8 | 0.6 ± 0.6 | 1.08 (0.96–1.22) | 0.183 |
| Perfluorodecanoic acid | 0.5 ± 0.6 | 0.5 ± 0.9 | 0.98 (0.83–1.17) | 0.838 |
| Perfluorobutane sulfonic acid | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.98 (0.55–1.75) | 0.936 |
| Perfluoroheptanoic acid | 0.4 ± 0.4 | 0.3 ± 0.4 | 0.99 (0.82–1.19) | 0.887 |
| Perfluorononanoic acid | 1.3 ± 1.1 | 1.4 ± 1.4 | 1.03 (0.83–1.29) | 0.747 |
| Perfluorooctane sulfonamide | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 1.09 (0.88–1.36) | 0.389 |
| Perfluoroundecanoic acid | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 0.99 (0.82–1.19) | 0.908 |
| Perfluorododecanoic acid | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 1.72 (1.08–2.73) | 0.026 |
Adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, ratio of family income to poverty, serum cotinine (smoking status), vitamin D level, physical activity level, urinary creatinine and subsample weighting