Table 1.
Demographics, comorbid conditions and disease characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma patients, by race
| Patient characteristics | Total (n = 195) | Hispanic (n = 44) | African-American (n = 61) | White (n = 90) | P1 |
| Demographics | |||||
| Age (yr, mean ± SD) | 59.7 ± 9.8 | 62.5 ± 12.5 | 58.7 ± 10.2 | 58.9 ± 7.7 | |
| Female (n, %) | 38, 19.5 | 11, 25.0 | 17, 27.9 | 10, 11.1 | aHW, AW |
| Insurance (n, %) | |||||
| Medicare/medicaid | 120, 61.5 | 31, 70.5 | 36, 59.0 | 53, 58.9 | |
| Private | 67, 34.4 | 12, 27.3 | 22, 36.1 | 33, 36.7 | |
| None | 8, 4.1 | 1, 2.3 | 3, 4.9 | 4, 4.4 | |
| BMI > 24.9 (n, %) | 137, 70.3 | 31, 70.5 | 44, 72.1 | 62, 68.9 | |
| Metabolic syndrome3 (n, %) | 27, 14.1 | 8, 18.2 | 3, 4.9 | 16, 18.4 | aHA, AW |
| Comorbid conditions | |||||
| Hyperlipidemia (n, %) | 31, 25.4 | 16, 55.2 | 5, 13.2 | 10, 18.2 | bHW, HA |
| On dialysis (n, %) | 7, 3.6 | 5, 11.4 | 0, 0 | 2, 2.3 | bHNH2 |
| Diabetes mellitus 2 (n, %) | 91, 46.7 | 29, 65.9 | 19, 31.1 | 43, 47.8 | bHA, aAW |
| History smoking (n, %) | 126, 65 | 16, 36.3 | 43, 70.5 | 67, 75.2 | bHW, HA; aAW |
| Current smoker (n, %) | 57, 29.4 | 2, 4.5 | 28, 45.9 | 27, 30.3 | bHW, HA; aAW |
| Triglycerides (median ± SD) | 99.5 ± 66.5 | 101.0 ± 70.2 | 111.0 ± 64.7 | 80.5 ± 65.8 | |
| History alcohol use (n, %) | 163, 83.6 | 39, 88.6 | 50, 82 | 74, 82.2 | |
| Cirrhosis characteristics | |||||
| Etiology4 | |||||
| HCV (n, %) | 132, 67.7 | 18, 40.9 | 49, 80.3 | 65, 72.2 | bHW, HA |
| HBV (n, %) | 14, 8.1 | 2, 5.0 | 8, 14.3 | 4, 5.2 | |
| ETOH (n, %) | 55, 28.2 | 11, 25.0 | 15, 24.6 | 29, 32.2 | |
| NASH (n, %) | 35, 18.0 | 15, 34.9 | 5, 8.2 | 15, 16.7 | bHA, aHW |
| Other5 (n, %) | 22, 11.3 | 11, 25 | 2, 3.3 | 9, 11.3 | 0.056 |
| MELD (median ± SD) | 11.0 ± 4.6 | 11.5 ± 4.4 | 9.0 ± 3.1 | 12.0 ± 5.1 | aHA, bAW |
| AFP | |||||
| Median (IQR) | 22.4 (6.1-217.2) | 19 (5.9-434.85) | 82 (11.9-434.8) | 12 (5.0-53.2) | |
| AFP > 200 | 49, 25.1 | 12, 27.3 | 22, 36.1 | 15, 16.7 | aHA, bAW |
| Hepatic encephalopathy (n, %) | 65, 33.3 | 16, 36.4 | 8, 13.1 | 41, 45.6 | aHA, bAW |
| Ascites (n, %) | 80, 44.5 | 23, 54.8 | 14, 26 | 43, 51.2 | aHW, HA, AW |
| HCC surveillance performed (n, %) | 113, 61.1 | 27, 65.9 | 31, 51.7 | 55, 65.5 | |
| Tumor parameters | |||||
| Tumor size (cm) | |||||
| Median (± SD) (IQ range) | 3.0 ± 3.7 (2.0-6.0) | 3.0 ± 3.9 (2.0-5.0) | 3.0 ± 3.6 (2.0-6.0) | 3.0 ± 3.7 (2.0-6.0) | |
| > 5 cm (n, %) | 43, 26.9 | 8, 22.2 | 14, 28.6 | 21, 28 | |
| Median > 5 cm (± SD) (IQ range) | 8.0 ± 4.0 (6.0-12.0) | 13.0 ± 3.4 (7.5-13.0) | 9.5 ± 3.1 (6.0-11.0) | 7.0 ± 4.7 (6.0-8.0) | |
| Stage at diagnosis (n, %) | 99, 52.1 | 20, 45.5 | 30, 50.8 | 49, 56.3 | |
| Unifocal | 77, 40.5 | 21, 47.7 | 25, 42.4 | 31, 35.6 | |
| Multifocal | 14, 7.4 | 3, 6.8 | 4, 6.8 | 7, 8.0 | |
| Metastatic | 29, 24.2 | 9, 33.3 | 9, 23.1 | 11, 20.4 | |
| Portal vein involvement (n, %) | 35, 47.9 | 6, 54.5 | 13, 54.2 | 16, 42.1 | |
| Poorly differentiated within milan criteria (n, %) | 121, 62.1 | 28, 63.6 | 36, 59.0 | 57, 63.3 |
P values from χ2 tests (two-sided) and fischer for overall race effect followed by pairwise comparisons, for P < 0.05. A significance level of 0.05 was used for the overall race comparisons.
P < 0.05,
P < 0.001, P values were not calculated for n < 5;
Given n < 5 for AA (n = 0) and W (n = 2), limited statistical tests for Hispanic to non-Hispanic with P = 0.0074;
Metabolic syndrome: Three of the following five traits per adult treatment panel III guidelines. Abdominal obesity, defined as a waist circumference in men ≥ 102 cm (40 in) and in women ≥ 88 cm (35 in): (1) serum triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L) or drug treatment for elevated triglycerides; (2) serum HDL cholesterol < 40 mg/dL (1 mmol/L) in men and < 50 mg/dL (1.3 mmol/L) in women or drug treatment for low HDL-C; (3) blood pressure ≥ 130/85 mmHg or drug treatment for elevated blood pressure; (4) fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥ 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) or drug treatment for elevated blood glucose;
Some patients with more than one listed etiology of cirrhosis;
Other: Cryptogenic, hemochromatosis, autoimmune, other not specified. H: Hispanics; A: African Americans; W: Non-Hispanic Caucasians; SD: Standard deviation; IQ: Percentile interquartile range (25%, 75%); HW: Hispanics compared to Whites; HA: Hispanics compared to African Americans; AW: African Americans compared to Whites; HNH: Hispanics compared to non-Hispanics; BMI: Body mass index; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; NASH: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.