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. 2017 Mar 8;7:43838. doi: 10.1038/srep43838

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Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Primary human hepatocytes (PHH), Kupffer cells (KC), liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were stimulated with NAPs for 6 h to analyze cytokine gene expression by qRT-PCR and for 24 h to analyze cytokine secretion by ELISA (A). Overview of nucleic acid polymers (NAPs) used in this study (B).