Table 2.
Socio-demographic/background characteristics, risk factors, health, and HIV testing history: New York, NY, 2012–2015
| Three Seek-Test Approaches | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 RDS-CTT (N=3005) |
2 RDS-AST (N=484) |
3 VBS (N=403) |
CTT vs. AST Risk Ratio 95% CI |
CTT vs. VBS Risk Ratio 95% CI |
AST vs. VBS Risk Ratio 95% CI |
|
| HIV infected at baseline (previously diagnosed) | 5.0 N=111 |
6.4 N=14 |
0.0 N=0 |
0.78 (0.35–8.50) | ||
| Age ≥ 40 Years | 52.4 | 61.9 | 30.7 | 0.85 (0.72–1.01) | 1.71 (1.34–2.32) | 2.02 (1.52–2.81) |
| Male Gender | 57.6 | 50.0 | 49.6 | 1.15 (0.97–1.40) | 1.16 (0.98–1.42) | 1.01 (0.79–1.29) |
| African-American, Not Hispanic | 70.6 | 69.3 | 66.4 | 1.02 (0.89–1.18) | 1.06 (0.93–1.24) | 1.04 (0.87–1.26) |
| Hispanic | 25.7 | 24.1 | 30.0 | 1.07 (0.77–1.66) | 0.86 (0.64–1.22) | 0.80 (0.49–1.26) |
| Married or in long-term relationship | 33.0 | 29.0 | 28.5 | 1.14 (0.90–1.50) | 1.16 (0.89–1.61) | 1.02 (0.71–1.49) |
| No High School Diploma | 38.2 | 44.1 | 39.6 | 0.87 (0.72–1.06) | 0.97 (0.78–1.24) | 1.11 (0.85–1.48) |
| Current Full-Time or Part-Time Work | 18.5 | 16.4 | 35.6 | 1.12 (0.81–1.71) | 0.52 (0.40–0.69) | 0.46 (0.29–0.68) |
| Unable to pay for necessities in past year | 79.8 | 84.1 | 75.4 | 0.95 (0.88–1.03) | 1.06 (0.95–1.19) | 1.12 (0.99–1.27) |
| Portion of income includes gov’t benefits | 32.3 | 32.7 | 28.9 | 0.99 (0.78–1.31) | 1.12 (0.84–1.62) | 1.13 (0.78–1.71) |
| Ever homeless | 57.5 | 61.6 | 44.3 | 0.93 (0.81–1.08) | 1.30 (1.07–1.64) | 1.39 (1.11–1.79) |
| Currently homeless | 23.8 | 22.3 | 20.0 | 1.07 (0.76–1.67) | 1.19 (0.80–2.16) | 1.11 (0.63–2.14) |
| Ever been incarcerated for > 24 hours | 57.7 | 64.7 | 47.8 | 0.89 (0.78–1.04) | 1.21 (1.01–1.48) | 1.35 (1.09–1.71) |
| Incarcerated in the past year for > 24 hours | 22.3 | 36.6 | 21.0 | 0.61 (0.48–0.79) | 1.06 (0.77–1.61) | 1.74 (1.20–2.72) |
| Health and health-related factors | ||||||
| Currently has health insurance | 85.8 | 84.3 | 83.5 | 1.02 (0.95–1.10) | 1.03 (0.95–1.11) | 1.01 (0.91–1.12) |
| Ever had STI testing | 64.3 | -- | 72.3 | 0.89 (0.80–1.00) | ||
| Ever had STI diagnosis | 25.0 | 35.4 | 27.1 | 0.71 (0.56–0.92) | 0.92 (0.69–1.35) | 1.31 (0.91–1.98) |
| Ever had hepatitis C virus diagnosis | 5.8 | 13.4 | 4.9 | 0.43 (0.28–0.76) | 1.19 (0.59–12.38) | 2.74 (1.18–28.75) |
| Clinically signif. depressive symptoms (CESD, PHQ-2) | 58.7 | 36.4 | -- | 1.61 (1.33–2.04) | ||
| Substance use | ||||||
| Ever Injected Drugs Not for a Medical Reason | 7.8 | 18.2 | 6.5 | 0.43 (0.30–0.66) | 1.19 (0.66–4.21) | 2.80 (1.43–10.01) |
| Injected Drugs in the Past Month | 1.5 | 4.7 | 1.5 | 0.32 (0.12–0.79) | 0.98 (0.33–5.12) | 3.08 (1.16–15.98) |
| Any Drug Use in the Past Month | 31.6 | 64.4 | 29.7 | 0.49 (0.42–0.58) | 1.07 (0.83–1.45) | 2.17 (1.66–2.98) |
| Meets AUDIT Criterion for Alcohol Problem – past year | 26.4 | 41.4 | -- | 0.64 (0.51–0.81) | ||
| Meets TCU Criterion for Drug Problem – past year | 22.2 | 45.1 | -- | 0.49 (0.39–0.63) | ||
| Meets Criteria for Drug or Alcohol Problem | 36.9 | 60.1 | -- | 0.61 (0.52–0.73) | ||
| Drug Use Weekly or More Often in Past Month | 20.5 | 56.2 | 20.7 | 0.36 (0.30–0.44) | 0.99 (0.74–1.43) | 2.71 (2.00–3.94) |
| Sexual behavior | ||||||
| Sex without a condom in the past month | 58.7 | 69.3 | 53.4 | 0.85 (0.75–0.97) | 1.10 (0.94–1.32) | 1.30 (1.07–1.59) |
| More than one partner past month | 27.3 | 60.7 | 22.3 | 0.45 (0.38–0.54) | 1.23 (0.9–1.85) | 2.72 (1.98–4.14) |
| Lifetime transactional sex | 29.2 | 45.6 | -- | 0.64 (0.52–0.81) | ||
| Lifetime MSM/FSF | 20.3 | -- | 14.8 | 1.37 (0.92–2.54) | ||
| HIV testing history | ||||||
| Ever tested for HIV | 91.9 | 81.1 | 95.5 | 1.13 (1.05–1.23) | 0.96 (0.93–0.99) | 0.85 (0.78–0.92) |
| HIV Test Within the Past Year | 43.7 | 32.4 | 53.7 | 1.35 (1.06–1.81) | 0.81 (0.69–0.98) | 0.60 (0.44–0.80) |
| Tests Annually Since 2006 | 23.3 | 13.0 | 21.8 | 1.79 (1.25–2.97) | 1.07 (0.8–1.55) | 0.60 (0.34–0.97) |
Notes: Numbers in the first three columns are percentages. Bold font indicates a variable for which at least one risk ratio 95% confidence interval does not include 1.0.